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Sample Essay: Early Industrial Revolution

The Significance of the Early Industrial Revolution

Early Industrial Revolution or Pre-Industrial Revolution refers to the period before the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The period between 1500s and 1750s marked a shift in the foregoing level of selling and buying goods. The impetuous existing art forms and production of goods were brought to polarity in this era. The voyages from Western Europe led the way for the Revolution. The chief trade practices included trading in precious metals, handicrafts, cotton, etc. The farmers and merchants wanted to raise money by increasing trade with other nations. This led to the expansion of economy through fostering development in the involved nations. It is crucial to understand the genesis of the Early Industrial Revolution, which emerged through several centuries stimulating growth in the West and the rest of the world (Persson, p. 3, par. 2).

During the period of Early Industrial Revolution, there were no machines for equipping the making of goods. The manual labor was used for performing tasks and assembling units for the finished goods. During this era, textiles and other products were made at home, and people would trade their goods. Due to inadequate transportation and communication systems, the trading of goods was not possible on a large scale. Then the Europeans sought their way toward innovation and technology, which made their demands and market clearly available to the mass population. This paper discusses the significance of the Early Industrial Revolution, and the developments and innovations, such as Renaissance warfare, boatswain’s pipe, astrolabe, quadrant, and spinning wheel in addition to the roots of Industrial Revolution, the expansion of markets in the Pre-Industrial era, the European Cities, the cottage industry, the upswing trend in agricultural practices, and the innovation approach paving the way to the Industrial Revolution.

Under this section, the paper discusses the roots of Industrial Revolution in Pre-Industrial society, the expansion of markets in 1550s, the European Cities in the Pre-Industrial Society, the Renaissance warfare and other innovations in navigation and sailing apparatus, the rise in standard of living through urban set ups, the upswing trend in agricultural practices, the role of small scale industries in 1500s, such as cottage industries, and Pre-Industrial financial innovations, which led to a greater Industrial Revolution from 1750 onwards.

The Roots of Industrial Revolution in Pre-Industrial Society

The Early Industrial Revolution connoted a slow lifestyle with limited resources. During the 16^th century, there were no manufactured goods; instead, there were various raw materials available in the rural areas. The wood was used to carry the domestic activities, and wind and water were the determining factors for the source of power. The basic source of income for the people of the Early Industrial Revolution in the 16^th century merely came from farming, cow-raising, selling milk, etc. The Early Industrial Revolution also saw no substantial increase in population for decades (Tucker, par. 2). The common people grew in the fear of epidemics, such as Typhoid, Influenza, Plague, etc. These diseases resulted in mass dying due to insufficient care and medical facilities (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.3).

Expansion of Markets in 1550s

The Early Industrial Revolution has its significance in promoting and establishing strong foundation for the Industrial Revolution. During the 1550s, there was no existence of commercial industries. The small scale trade practices were emphasized from the households and agricultural lands. The craftsmanship was used to balance the lifestyle, for example, by making furniture, handicrafts, pottery, masonry, etc. (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.8). The home-based occupations, such as weaving cloth and making dresses out of this cloth material were part of fine craftsmanship in the Early Industrial Revolution. The labor worked hard to complete their day-to-day tasks, but the production was very slow because of few tools and equipments. Some cities became centers for providing basic raw materials and goods. Markets developed for selling agricultural goods, handicrafts, and pottery items. During the Early Industrial Revolution, the elite people owned large areas of land and hired labor for growing agricultural produce, and also assigned work to the servants to help them carry out their daily activities. On the contrary, the poor people made goods from the raw materials and managed their lifestyle with minimal agricultural produce from small lands and cow-raising.

European Cities in the Pre-Industrial Society

Many cities flourished during the Early Industrial Revolution era due to their establishment of markets. The main attraction that accounted for the growth of a town into a city was the spread of its market. Florence, a prominent European city attracted traders, as it proffered handicrafts and several mechanically tinkered clay pots, kettles and pans (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par. 9). The Early Industrial Revolution era witnessed advancement in the European cities that were producing gun-powder and cannons through their basic industries with no thoroughly equipped tools.

Renaissance Warfare and other Innovations in Navigation and Sailing Equipment

In the 16^th century, no democracy existed on the world map. There were rulers, ruling their dynasties and trying to expand their empires in order to gain more and more power. Through army and cavalry, with renaissance warfare, the rulers attacked the other empires. The use of war hammers, swords, clubs and maces, winged spears, lances, pikes, etc. as tools for warfare adds to the innovation list during the Early Industrial Revolution. The use of mechanical clocks and navigation tools, such as boatswain’s pipe, astrolabe, quadrant, and sandglass marked the beginning of 16^th century (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.9). These major inventions came up in navigation and sailing equipment.

Rise in Standard of Living through Urban Establishments

The increase in agricultural produce helped in feeding the population and to prevent health degradation, which formerly occurred due to shortage of food in the 15^th century (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.4). A wider view of competition was created among the people. They began working more in order to get more wages and have a better livelihood. They uplifted from the previous concept of living in the rural areas to better townships. They adapted to better living conditions and went to learning centers to get education about basic skills, which would be helpful in their survival to some extent, thus, moving toward urbanization.

An Upswing Trend in Agricultural Practices

One of the few very important reforms was observed during the Early Industrial Revolution, which was about the change in agricultural practices and patterns. The food production in Europe increased to a great extent in the future period as a result of persistent endeavors of the farmers and traders of the Early Industrial Revolution. In the mid 1500s, the demand for most of the products, such as textiles, warfare, cotton, etc. increased (Brock, p. 5, par. 3). Later on, in 1750-1800s, the historians called this reformatory era as the Agricultural Revolution (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.15).

The Role of Small Scale Industries in 1500s

After 1500, the European markets expanded from Asia to the American continent. Europeans established industries and markets in other nations as well (McDowall, par. 3). The aim of such establishment was the expansion of their markets to extract more revenue out of other nations. The financial industry and cottage industry of Europeans also expanded tremendously. The Dutch East India Company expanded its market in order to derive spices from the South-East Asian countries (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.11).

Cottage Industry in the Early 16^th Century

Cottage industries were also seen as a peculiarly expanding market. The poor families depended on agricultural land, worked night long by weaving cloth with fusty machines, such as old spinning wheel in their cottages. The merchants who traveled in the countryside, in search of great deals, bought the fancy spun cloth from the small markets of cottage industries. Sometimes these merchants would also provide raw materials, such as cotton or wool, and paid them for the labor, and then took the finished goods to sell them further (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par. 14). This is how the cottage industry allowed the growth of industries in the Early Industrial Revolution era.

Pre-Industrial Innovations of 16^th Century Leading to a Greater Industrial Revolution from 1750 onwards

Several innovations in banking and financial sectors laid the foundation for the following Industrial Revolution. The growth of traders and consumers of the 16^th century, later on, attributed to the Industrial Revolution from 1750 onwards. Beginning from 1500, the trade expanded globally by transportation via boats and ships. The navigation instruments helped to increase the market and to discover nations. By 1600s, the Europeans living in the cities got interested in the markets and global trade opportunities by investing in financial innovations, and became difficult to dissolute the urban culture from them (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.13). They wanted to expand the production and trade deals through the use of coal and textiles. These two raw materials i.e. coal and textiles gave a kick-start to the Early Industrial Revolution. In the 1700s, coke was widely used in the production of iron; also, several textile centers were established, and the construction of roads and canals was done. This made the country ahead in many inventions, and coal being a pivotal material, for example, it was widely used in operating the steam engine. In order to meet the needs of the families and the society, it motivated the traders and producers of the Early Industrial Revolution to think of strategies to manufacture goods on a large scale. Various reforms in the agricultural field, such as Crop Rotation, was invented by the Dutch (“Pre-Industrial Society,” par.16) Thus, the European markets expanded in numerous countries, and this paved the way for the Industrial Revolution.

Conclusion

Hence, the paper discussed the significance of the Early Industrial Revolution along with developments and innovations, which eventually provided the path to the greater Industrial Revolution. The Early Industrial Revolution emerged before the Industrial Revolution and laid the roots for the latter one. The beginning of the Early Industrial Revolution dates back to 1500s. The Early Industrial Revolution is said to be a domicile of Britain. It started in Britain and then expanded to the faraway lands. The small scale industries transformed into large scale after the developments in the field of technology. The use of wood, as a fuel, in everyday lives was replaced by coal. A few cities, such as Florence emerged as the prime centers of raw materials and goods. All these cities were patronized by the European merchants who traveled the countryside for varying trade purposes. The use of several renaissance warfare and innovations in this field is responsible for early developments in the Western Civilization. The other innovations included the sandglass, quarter, boatswain’s pipe, and astrolabe, which were also important instruments for navigation and sailing. The arrival of new technologies after the Early Industrial Revolution owes its credit to the zeal of the people from the Early Industrial Revolution era who wanted to bring reforms in their lifestyle, farming practices, and production methods to eventually fetch more profit through sale of their merchandise to other nations across the seas.

Works Cited

Brock, F. “How Pre-Industrial Era English and Dutch Trade Influenced Social Change,”

University of Massachusetts, https://www1.umassd.edu/euro/2007papers/brock.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2018.

McDowall, C. “World Textile Trade 1500-1800 – Pre-Industrial Revolution,” The Culture

Concept Circle, 31 January 2014. https://www.thecultureconcept.com/world-textile-trade-1500-1800-pre-industrial-revolution. Accessed 17 April 2018.

Persson, K.G. “A New Economic History of Pre-industrial Europe,” University of Copenhagen,

https://www.econ.ku.dk/kgp/doc/Workfrms/new%20econ%20hist.pdf. Accessed 17 April 2018.

“Pre-Industrial Society.” Bellarmine College Preparatory,

https://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/modernworldhistorytextbook/industrialrevolution/preindus.html. Accessed 17 April 2018.

Tucker, G.S.L. “English Pre-Industrial Population Trends,” The Economic History Review, vol.

16, no. 2, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1963.tb01726.x. Accessed 17 April 2018.

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Better Schooling: Australian and British Education Systems?

Comparison between Australian and British Education Systems

Australia and the United Kingdom are both English-speaking countries. Are you a teacher or student looking to join the education systems in either country? Understanding how each education systems works would help you settle quickly and start working toward your goals. The two systems differ in certain aspects, and it is in your interest to know what those differences are. This comparison between Australian and British education systems hopefully provides information you would find helpful.The comparison touches on areas such as costs, examinations, regulation, funding as well as higher education.

Australia Boasts Eight Different Systems of Education

The Australian government, a federal system, has the primary responsibility for education. The country’s population is smaller than that of the U.K. Can you believe Australia boasts of eight different education systems? What’s more, each system sets its own high school leaving exams. Being a registered teacher in one state does not automatically qualify you to teach in a different one. If you wish to move to another state, you will need to register with them.

Increasingly GCSE-focused U.K. Education

The U.K. has made significant changes to the GCSE examinations.These changes started with Michael Gove, a former education secretary in England. The new GCSE is similar to the O-levels of pre-1988 U.K. The new move hopes to address what Gove called the “dumbing down” of the curriculum and grade inflation. The new exams are supposed to be more challenging than GCSE has ever been.

Australia does not have a GCSE equivalent, and no one body sets the country’s education agenda. However, the U.K. seems to be gravitating — albeit unconsciously — toward a federal style system similar to that in Australia. That said, there will always be country-specific differences that set each country’s system apart from those in other jurisdictions.

Types of Schools in Australia

Australian schools aim to provide a well-rounded education that prepares students for life after school. Their education systems covers key learning areas including math, English, arts and science, languages, society and environmental studies, and physical education. They also study technology and health education.

The types of schools found Down Under include government schools, non-government schools, and those based on educational philosophies. Non-government schools include faith-based schools such as Islamic or Catholic schools. Some of the educational philosophies guiding the establishment of schools are the well-known Montessori and Steiner. Every school in Australia needs to ensure registration with specific state’s education department.

Types of Schools in the U.K.

The four main types of school found in the U.K. are academies, maintained Schools, independent schools, and free schools.

Maintained Schools

Local authorities own and maintain these schools. Maintained schools have to adhere to all the requirements of the national curriculum. There are four types of maintained schools. These are foundation, trust, voluntary controlled, and voluntary aided schools.

Academies

Academies are state-funded. That said, they exercise more independence than most other schools when it comes to directing their curriculum. They have the power to introduce faith-based topics or even change school hours. Sponsors from the business world, faith or voluntary groups work with the Department of Education to establish academies.

Free Schools

Funded by the government but not controlled by the local authority, free schools are like the academies. They can exercise some flexibility regarding term dates and the curriculum. Universities, community groups, parents, charities, or teachers usually establish these schools.

Independent schools

They are public or private schools run using fees paid by parents. They may also get support from various organizations.They can set their curriculum. To ensure independent schools maintain the required standards, the independent schools Inspectorate regularly inspects them.

Compulsory Education both Countries Proceeds Until the Age of 16

Just like in Australia, compulsory schooling in the U.K. starts at the age of five and continues until learners attain the age of 16. Except in one state, Tasmania, compulsory education in all states in Australia proceeds until children hit the age of 16. Compulsory education ends a year earlier in Tasmania, when learners are, often, 15.

Qualifications In Australia

Australian students strive to improve their Tertiary Admission rank — aka ATAR. The ATAR replaces by the year 2018 the Overall Position ranking currently applicable in Queensland. Queensland uses a system based on teachers’ assessments of students’ abilities. The ATAR is the main method that guides the selection of students for university programs.

Most of the programs offered at the universities usually set a minimum ATAR. Naturally, all year 12 students stress over their ATARs after they have sat the exams. Some experts have criticized the ATAR system arguing it forces learners to avoid or choose certain subjects to improve their score. However, universities are increasingly adopting selection methods that do not consider a student’s ATAR only. Many expect the reliance on ATAR for selection of students for tertiary education to continue declining.

Qualifications In the U.K.

U.K. secondary school students focus on GCSE exams. They sit for these exams at the end of year 11. Traditionally, they have studied math, English, and science. Learners can also study the arts, humanities, technology, vocational studies or languages. Some may leave school at this point, but it certainly is not a good idea. The majority of students in the U.K. are preparing for the A-levels during years 12 and 13. Year 12 is also referred to as “lower sixth” while year 13 is commonly called “upper sixth.”

Diploma or Degree After GCSE exams

Also, a learner in either year 12 and 13 can be said to be a “sixth form” or “upper secondary” student. Successful upper secondary students can choose to join university or get a diploma. The diploma is a relatively new development in the U.K. The traditional path has always been proceeding to the university after the A-levels. In England and Wales, the law requires all kids aged 5 –16 to acquire at least primary and secondary school education.

School Terms

The academic year in the U.K. typically starts in September and ends in June or July of the following year. Each academic year has four school terms. Local education authorities in the U.K. are responsible for setting their holiday and term dates. The longest holiday break runs for five to six weeks. It is the summer school holiday when most people plan their travel.

In comparison, the Australian school year starts in early February and ends in November or early December. The term commencing date varies with states as well as whether the school is a government one or not. Earning an undergraduate degree Down Under takes 3–4 years. In comparison, it would take you 6 – 12 months less time to obtain the same degree in the United Kingdom. That means studying in the U.K. can allow you to enter the labor market a bit earlier.

Australian and U.K. Class Sizes

As a prospective student or teacher, you want to know how big classes are in Australia and U.K. Classes in the U.K. have a maximum of 30 students while 25 is the highest number of learners sitting in Australian classrooms. You may think being a teacher in the U.K. is a lot tougher than it would be Down Under. Class assistants working to support teachers in the U.K. make the slightly bigger classes there more manageable.

Tuition Costs

As a potential student, you would want to know how much it would cost to earn your degree in either country. In both countries, domestic students pay less than international or other students. And governments in both regions set a fees limit beyond which institutions cannot charge. Additionally, both countries provide subsidies and loans that make education more accessible than in most other places.

Tuition Costs In the UK.

How much you pay depends on the particular country. For instance, costs in the United Kingdom for Home students studying typical undergraduate degrees in English universities in the U.K. pay up to 9,250 pounds per year. Welsh institutions charge up to 9,000 pounds for home students. North Irish universities charge home students up to 5,220 pounds less than what England charges its home learners. It gets more interesting. Can you believe that home and European Union students pay ZERO for their undergraduate degrees in Scotland? However, learners from Wales, Northern Ireland, and England end up paying 9,250. International students spend even more.

A typical degree would, therefore, cost you between 0 – 27,750 pounds in the U.K. It would all depend on which country you chose and whether you are a local, EU, or international student.

Tuition Costs In Australia

In Australia, the costs can differ significantly across states. Institutions charge fees per unit rather than per year. A student can expect to study a cluster of courses, and each class belongs to a specific “band.” Australian universities offer subjects from different bands at different costs. That means students pay different amounts every year depending on what they are studying.

There are various similarities and differences between Australian and UK education systems. Developing a clear understanding of these differences and similarities can help you make informed decisions regarding preparation. Hopefully, you can now move forward with confidence.

However with the looming Brexit, we tuition costs in the United Kingdom to significantly change.

This post was researched, compiled and written by our MBA project writer in UK who has vast interests in educational maters. visit us at https://www.expertwritinghelp.com for dissertation and academic coaching services at affordable rates.

Pros and Cons of Academic Writing Help

Pros and Cons of Buying Academic Writing Help Online

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Cons of Buying Academic Papers Online

Students who decide getting help is not for them might be focusing too much on the cons. Before you dismiss their concerns, though, try to see things from their point of view. You might even learn something.

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You are probably not working. You are solely dependent upon your folks. Or you have to work part-time to buy food and make rent while paying your way through college. In all these situations, money is usually tight. And online help costs money. That can make it feel like something you can do without. And it probably is. If you are super intelligent and have all the time to complete all your coursework and assignment writing, why spend your money unnecessarily?

You don’t always become a better researcher and writer
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Are these the only pros and cons of seeking academic writing help online? If not, which other factors discourage you from finding assistance? What other benefits do you enjoy?