Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis

Are you a strategic management student looking for Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis sample essay? our cheap business capstone project writers in an endeavor to assist our clients pass their essays and homework wrote a free sample essay analyzing airbnb business model. The analysis used Porter’s Five Forces Model to evaluate the strength and weakness of the company and also the operating environment that airbnb operates in.

With over 3,000,000 lodging listings in 65,000 cities and 191 countries; Airbnb (www.airbnb.com) is a virtual marketplace and hospitality service that empowers individuals to lease or rent short term accommodation comprising of vacation and apartment rentals, homestays, hostel beds or hotel rooms. Instead of booking into a hotel or B&B, users stay in other people’s properties, potentially enjoying a more quirky and personal experience. The business does not own any lodging; it is merely a broker and receives percentage service fees (commissions) from both guests and hosts in conjunction with every booking. Users can hunt for lodging using a variety of filters including lodging type, dates, location, and price Airbnb can be accessed via either the Airbnb websites or mobile applications for iOS, Apple Watch, and Android.

With the use of Airbnb App, travelers can easily search the database for available properties by entering details about when and where they would like to travel. They can additionally upgrade searches by:

Room style – whole place, secluded room or joint room
Fee – range from minimum to maximum
Size – number of bedrooms, bathrooms, and beds
Amenities – Internet connection, kitchen, pool, etc.
Property type – standard properties like apartments, houses and bed & breakfasts
Host language – English, French, and Germany

The purpose of the Porter’s five forces analysis on Airbnb is to determine competitive advantage and Airbnb strategies to reach more travellers . Porter’s Model of competitive analysis is a widely used approach to develop a strategy in many industries. According to Porter, competitive nature of the industry could be seen as a combination of top five strengths, namely rivalry among existing competitors, the threat of new entries, threat of alternative products, and the negotiating power of suppliers and customers.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : The potential threat of new entries

The threat of new entries into the market for Airbnb is considered weak and flexible. On the surface it seems like there aren’t many barriers to entry and that any website could pop up to compete with Airbnb. However, Airbnb is not only well funded but is in operation in nearly 200 countries. For any company to pose a threat, they will need both access to millions in capital to venture into the account and an excellent brand equity to capture the requirements and demands of customers and compete with Airbnb.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : The threat of substitutions

The threat of substitutes is quite high because switching costs are non-existent to individuals who utilize Airbnb. Customers can very easily choose a traditional hotel, B&B, hostel, and couch surfing, as an alternative in the future. As Airbnb is growing, so is its competitors or companies who offer the same concept. These companies usually fall into three principal categories:

Hotels: They considered as the most readily available and well-known way for every traveler to stay. With the existence of Airbnb, hotels have noticed the changes in consumer preferences due to the availability of new social-oriented products, homier settings, and more functional apps. Hotels have thus managed to achieve this demand by growing their portfolios by adding brands that are intended to appeal to millennial customers and those who want less service and more connectivity — both technologically and with shared space.

Hostels: Hostels tend to be attractive for backpackers traveling alone and wanting a great way to meet like-minded travelers because these accommodations not only provide ample opportunities for social interactions in the communal areas but are cheaper and have a more youthful, intimate vibe than a traditional hotel. Features such as communal breakfasts, weekend party occasions, and fun little structures like book exchanges and rooftop cinemas create a delightful atmosphere is attractive to many travelers who would rather waive modern amenities of pools, room service, and polite if impersonal customer service that are mostly offered in other establishments.

Couchsurfing: This is a web platform founded in 2004 where hostess of all over the world offers their sofa or a place to stay for overseas people with no cost at all. It supports a global community of 10 million people in more than 200,000 cities worldwide and does not have standard ‘listings,’ as hosting is optional and voluntary. The main reasons why budget travelers prefer using couch surfing are;

There is a significant possibility of finding free lodging all around the globe.
A traveler can choose a host based on location thereby enabling them to stay downtown instead of a low-priced motel a few minutes away.
Individuals on couch surfing are interesting people who are well traveled and always glad to teach and share life stories with their host. This trait makes their trips much more exciting and may even turn some hosts to longtime friends.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : Negotiating power of customers

The negotiating power of clients with regards to Airbnb is high because at the moment they have a broad range of services to choose (price, location, and host rating).

The economic growth has always been helpful in developing the tourism and hospitality of a country. Compared to other options like hotels or motels, Airbnb has been considered as a cheaper option for most travelers. Though travelers have no avenue of price negotiation of the rooms or apartments with the host in the Airbnb web platform, they, however, have the buyer power in the alternatives of prices and styles available for them to choose from and can thereby quickly decide on the residence where they will stay without hurting their finances.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : Bargaining power of suppliers

The bargaining power of vendors is meager because Airbnb who control the connection between the two parties has made it hard for individuals trying to rent out their rooms and apartments do not have an alternative method to connect with customers using the Airbnb App.

For Airbnb, the supplier is the host that offers the room or apartment to travelers; they are the ones that make the business happen. The hosts are the basic level that provides potential clients services that they require. Airbnb works in tandem with the host to avoid problems with the customers. Though there is nothing comparable to a union for these suppliers to work together to place demands on Airbnb, Airbnb, however, offers hosts the liberty to decide the conditions to their boarders, always following some rules and brand principles. The host can choose if he or she wants to alter the price depending on any situation. The rents are exclusive and focus on unusual places for a high volume of travelers thereby providing a range of prices for all types of customers.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : Inter-firm rivalry

Rivalry among Existing Firms is usually the greatest force in five competitive forces. The inter-firm rivalry is moderate or even low. There are several high-quality Airbnb competitors with networks and websites similar to Airbnb. Sites such as OneFineStay.com,Tripping.com, HomeAway.com, Expedia.com are working overtime to overthrow Airbnb from its throne. One competitor that has inevitably caught the attention of Airbnb shareholders is Onefinestay.com. Onefinestay is a 5-year-old London startup that operates as an upmarket Airbnb service, renting out expensive homes and apartments to tourists in cities around the world while the owners are away. Currently, in operation in London, LA, Paris and New York and over 10,000 homes in its books, the houses available on the site are much swankier than those typically set up on related sites like Airbnb, with the regular charge for a onefinestay property being above $600 (£382) a night. Onefinestay also washes each property before and after people stay and offers linen and skincare product, just like a hotel would. The company also takes all its photos of the properties to market them

The company is giving Airbnb a run for their money as it expands deeper into the market with the recent announcement of a $40 million (£25.4 million) new funding from an array of top financiers. Everyone from the technological arena like Intel Capital to hotels such as Hyatt Hotels has taken a ride in the investment wagon, which doubles the total raised by the firm to $80 million (£50.8 million). This, according to the CEO Grey Marsh, means that the company will be enabled to penetrate an identified market in 100 cities around the world.

Airbnb Porter Five Forces Analysis : Gaining Competitive Adavantage in Competitive Business Environment

The development of the industrial world is rapidly increasing competition. In the 21st century, the development of a company is driven by the information system to serve its customers. Enterprises that do not want to grow regarding information systems will gradually be abandoned by the client because it is felt to be ineffective and less helpful or interactive. The market offers so many comparable and nearly identical structures and services to meet the ever growing demands of customers. Airbnb operations have stood the test of time, although in 2009 it was declared bankrupt, it managed to dust itself off and prove it can survive all trials and tribulations that exist in the operations of a business. In the past, these types of services were used widely by thrifty tourists looking for low-cost places to stay in a particular city. Nowadays, however, more and more business travelers and professionals are looking to Airbnb for exclusive and unforgettable memories. Although there are specific hazards associated with using a standard economy system such for Airbnb, it goes without saying that the company is working towards mitigating them to continue enjoying a piece of the online service pie.

Author Bio:

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Top Scholarship Programs: USA, UK, CA

Top Scholarship Programs in US, Canada & UK

Are you looking for a premier scholarship programs in the USA, UK or Canada? We have compiled a list of top scholarship programs in these countries to assist both international and local students easier access to these information. A scholarship is an award of financial aid given to eligible students to further their educational goals in undergraduate, postgraduate, Ph.D. and postdoctoral discipline. It is mostly granted based on various criteria which mirrors the values and purposes of the donor of the award. Unlike loans, scholarships exist due to the benevolent nature of donors or departments and thus do not need to be paid back. Scholarships are customarily handed out to assist in defraying the huge costs associated with schooling, books, boarding and other overheads directly tied to a student’s educational cost throughout the university.

Types of Scholarship Programs in USA, Canada & UK

There are different kinds of scholarships available in the US, UK, and Canada; the most common are government-based, non-government-based, student specific and university specific. The donor or department funding the scholarship are the ones that set the standards for beneficiary selection and specifically outlines how the money is to be used. Scholarship programs are typically awarded using a variety of factors, including – but not limited to, academic accomplishment, departmental and community participation, employment experience, areas of study, and financial need.

Top Governmental-Based Scholarship Programs in USA, UK and Canada

Like other scholarship programs, government scholarships are granted based on various benchmarks, which can range from financial needs usually determined by completing the (F.A.F.S.A.) Free Application for Federal Student Aid on the web to a scholar’s chosen major. Some state scholarships are granted by the student’s academic institution, while others are awarded by a government agency or an organization working in partnership with some branch of the government such as the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Transportation, and the National Oceanographic. These awards vary in amount and can range up to the full amount of a student’s tuition and fees, nonetheless it may or may not be renewable, depending on the award.]

Numerous government scholarship programs are designated specifically for students in high-need fields or students doing coursework relevant to a particular government agency’s mission. Several major-specific government scholarships feature either a fellowship/internship or an employment agreement with the awarding agency.

Top scholarship programs in USA

Fulbright Foreign Student Program – It is conceivably the most famous state-funded US scholarships for international scholars, Fulbright gives out scholarships to alumni students, young professionals, and artists to study in the US for one year or more and is open to international students in all areas exclusive of all medical studies.

Hubert Humphrey Fellowship Program – This scholarship program offers a package for qualified international specialists wishing to embark on a ten-month academic study in the US. Although the funding doesn’t support degree qualifications, students can study and develop their knowledge in universities across the nation.

Top scholarship programs in Canada

The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships program- This scholarship program offers taxable finance amount given of $ 70,000 for two years to the best postdoctoral contenders, both nationwide and worldwide, who will positively add to the country’s financial, communal and research-based growth.

Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master’s Program – These are scholarships worth $17,500 granted to Canadian students enrolled on a master’s degree or Ph.D. at a (CGS-M allocated) for 12 months, non-renewable.

Top scholarship programs in the United Kingdom

British Chevening Scholarships – These are international scholarship programs given to scholars with leadership potential from around the world to undertake postgraduate degree in any field or courses in UK universities. These scholarships are financially backed by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and partner organizations and mostly offer full or part finance for full-time graduate programs in any subject. Chevening offers two types of grants to recipients who are personally selected by British Embassies and High Commissions throughout the world; the Chevening Scholarships and Chevening Fellowships. To be eligible for these scholarships, the following must be considered.

Be a citizen of a Chevening-eligible nation
Return to ones country of citizenship for a minimum of two years after the grant has ended.
Have an undergraduate degree that will enable scholars to gain entry to a post-graduate programme at a UK university. This is typically equivalent to an upper second-class 2:1 Honours degree in the UK.
Have at least two years’ work experience

Commonwealth Scholarships for Developing Commonwealth Countries – These are scholarships for international students from unindustrialized countries in the Commonwealth who intend to study at the masters and Ph.D. level. These scholarships are funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), with the aim of contributing to the UK’s international development targets and wider overseas interests, supporting excellence in UK higher education, and sustaining the principles of the Commonwealth.

Commonwealth Shared Scholarship Scheme at UK Universities – These are UK scholarships for international students undertaking taught master’s programs in the UK. The programs studied must be evidently applicable to the growth of technology, economy or society from the student’s country of origin.

Top Non-governmental-based scholarship programs in USA, UK & Canada

Top Non-governmental-based scholarship programs in UK

Non-governmental UK scholarships are grants offered by benevolent private organizations and individuals with the aim of assisting individuals who are in need of assistance to further pursue their studies in the university levels. Examples of such scholarships available for international students are as follows;

Euraxess UK – Euraxess is the ingenuity of the European Commission which offers assistance for academic researchers all over Europe. The UK division of the organization is run by the British Council and provides numerous research scholarships for international students from around the globe.

CastleSmart Scholarship – CastleSmart scholarships are offered £6,000 yearly to undergraduate scholars of all nationalities in the UK. Applicants of the scholarship are mandated to make a convincing YouTube video outlining their study and occupation plans.

For African scholars:

Aga Khan Foundation Scholarship Programme – These are need-based UK scholarships for international students from the African continent.

Tullow Group Scholarships Scheme – These are scholarships granted to students from chosen nations in Africa and South America. The scholarships include payment of; full tuition bills, monthly wage, transport costs and other fees.

For Armenian students:

The Luys Scholarship Program – These are awards loans or scholarships given to Armenian students to enable them to study at the world’s best universities, comprising of UK universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

For Chinese students:

England China Center Chinese Student Awards – These are awards of up to UK£3,000 accessible to Chinese residents (plus those from Hong Kong) studying for a Ph.D. in any subject at a UK university.

For French scholars:

Entente Cordiale Scholarships – These are scholarships given to French students pursuing postgraduate studies in the UK.

For Indian students:

Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarships – These are UK scholarships granted to doctoral students, research students and visiting comrades from India.

Goa Education Trust Scholarships – These are UK scholarships given to Goan students who are embarking on postgraduate studies in the UK in any field.

Saltire Scholarships – Scholarships for students from Canada, the US, India, and China to study in Scotland at any degree level.

For Pakistani students:

Charles Wallace Pakistan Trust Scholarships – These are UK charity offering scholarships given to Pakistani doctoral students, graduate researchers or visiting fellows to study in the UK.

Top non-governmental scholarship progams in Canada

Anne Vallee Ecological Fund– These are scholarships for international students undertaking animal research at the doctoral level at a credited Canadian university in Québec or British Columbia.

Trudeau Scholarships and Fellowships – The Trudeau Foundation offers some grants, partnerships, and mentorships to international scholars at doctoral level undertaking study in Canada at selected institutions.

Top non-governmental US scholarships programs for international students

Abbey Road Summer Scholarships – these are US scholarships worth US$1,000 for language and art scholars, as well as US$500 fellowships for ‘summer enrichment’ at establishments within the country.

The Next Gen Scholarship Fund –These are scholarships worth US$1,000 offered to non-residents and international students to study in the US. Applicants are however required to have at least a 3.0 GPA (grade point average) and have signed up for a program at an accredited campus within Washington DC, Maryland or Virginia.

Tortuga Backpacks Study Abroad Scholarship – These are grants worth US$1,000 awarded twice annually to zealous international students to study in the US.

David P. Shapiro Annual Leukemia Scholarships – These are scholarships given annually twice each worth US$1,000 which are open to current or potential students diagnosed with leukemia in the US.

For Asian students:

East-West Center Scholarships and Fellowships – These are scholarships given to international students from the Asia-Pacific region to study in the US within particular universities.

Japan-United States Friendship Commission – This is an initiative run by Japan and the US which offers grant programs to Japanese scholars desiring to study in the US (and vice versa).

For female students:

AAUW International Fellowships – These are fellowships provided by the American Association of University Women for female international students wishing to study in the US.

MIT-Zaragoza Women in Logistics and SCM Scholarship – These are US scholarships for female students of any age, ethnicity or nationality to enable them to study at the Zaragoza Logistics Center at MIT.

For graduate students:

Rotary Peace Fellowships – These are scholarships to study in the US given to master’s degree students learning in one of Rotary’s ‘Peace Centers.’ Examples of such a center are Duke University or the North Carolina University.

For students from developing countries:

Aga Khan Foundation International Scholarship Programme – These are scholarships given to postgraduate international scholars coming from nations in the African continent.

Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders – These are scholarships for African granted to students between the ages of 25 and 35 who come from sub-Saharan African countries with the desire to study in the US and attain leadership and business expertise.

MasterCard Foundation Scholarships – These are scholarships for African students to study both in the US and Africa.

Student-specific Scholarships

These are scholarships whereby applicants must primarily be qualified by gender, race, religion, family, and health history or many other student-specific features. Minority scholarships such as these are considered the most common awards in this class. Examples of such scholarships include;

The Gates Millennium Scholars program

This is a program sponsored by Bill and Melinda Gates for exceptional African American, American Indian, Latino and Asian Pacific Islander American students who register in college. GMS scholars who choose to pursue graduate studies in the areas of education, engineering, library science, mathematics; public health and science are qualified to obtain continual funding. The program also offers leadership development opportunities, to ensure that scholar’s graduate equipped to become prominent leaders in their careers and in their society as a whole.

To be eligible for these scholarships, the following must be considered;

Candidates for the GMS award must be citizens or legal permanent residents of the United States.
Students must also meet the Government Pell Grant eligibility criteria, have at least a 3.3 GPA (on a 4.0 scale), and must have demonstrated leadership through community service or other extracurricular activities.

Individuals selected as Gates Scholars are entitled to receive funds in an amount to be determined by GMS based on financial need. The award is built on the total tuition fees, books and living expenditures for the educational year, as well as the accessibility of grants and other scholarships stated on the financial aid award letter

Top University-Specific Scholarship Programs

These are college-specific scholarships that are offered by individual colleges and universities to exceedingly qualified applicants. These scholarships are given to academic and personal achievers. Recipients may also be required to work for a particular employer for a specified period or to work in rural or remote areas; or else, they may be needed to reimburse the value of the funding they received from the scholarship.

In Canada, for example, Carleton University Awards for International Students is an excellent example of universities that offer all forms of scholarships such as national entrance scholarship that range for $2000 for new masters’ students and $3000 for new Ph.D. students. A one-year national entrance admission scholarship may be awarded to freshly admit domestic graduate students (Canadian inhabitants, permanent residents, landed immigrants).

For one to be considered for a scholarship, applicants are required an admission 10.5 GPA of or higher and must register full-time at Carleton for the period of the scholarship. This thereby means that candidates will be evaluated for suitability at the time of admission and thus do not need to apply. This offer of the scholarship will be made at the date of entry and will be billed over the first fall and winter terms of study.

In Conclusion, even though students can apply for scholarship programs every day of the year, it does not automatically imply that they will receive funding instantly. Commonly, most scholarship providers take anywhere from six to 12 weeks to appraisal applications, select recipients, and disburse grants which happen after the closing date has expired and not from the date one submitted their application.

The selection process can even be extended, particularly if scholars do not provide credentials on a timely basis. So, if one is in need of money to pay their college tuition fees, they will probably not find a scholarship that is going to help them out. This is because there is simply not enough time to be granted one. Nonetheless, one can look on the bright side as they’ll have scholarships lined up for next semester.

As a result, it is imperative for a student to not wait until the last minute to figure out how they’re are going to pay for their college tuition. Very few students earn enough scholarships to cover all their bills, so one should be smart and consider all options available. Looking into state grants and work-study programs, getting a part-time job, and not taking out more in student loans than is expected to be earned in the first year after college graduation are some of the tips one can utilize in the search. After all, a little work now can pay off big dividends later.

At expert writing help we assist students write high quality scholarship essays, entrance essays and statement of purpose. Our personal statement writing service is dedicated to assisting both international and local students to winning these top scholarship programs in the United States of America, United Kingdom and Canada.

Professional Literature Review Paper Writing Guide

The Key Steps To Follow When Writing Professional Literature Review Paper

Writing professional literature review paper is often a daunting part of writing a thesis or dissertation. This article provides a research and writing guide to assist students to write one of the essential and yet, for a majority, the most complicated piece of academic writing project and gives them a better understanding of what a literature review is, what it does, and how to go about doing it. Not all the times do students have the luxury of seeking literature review writing services for their papers. It is worthwhile to understand how to write professional literature review paper for your dissertation, MBA capstone projects or research paper.

Definition of literature review

A literature review is a written overview of major writings and other sources on a selected topic. It is a summary of a complete and current state of knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic as found in academic books and journal articles. It is usually presented as a distinct section of a graduate thesis or dissertation.

Depending on a student’s areas of specialization, a literature review can take various forms: argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical reviews.

Argumentative review aims to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. It is written to examine literature selectively to support or refute an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical problem already set up in the literature.
Integrative review is composed of examinations and critical analysis on a given topic to introduce a need for new research. It is considered a form of investigation that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes the representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research regarding clarify, rigor and replication.
Historical review focuses and assesses all the historical records throughout a period, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The primary purpose of a historical review is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future studies.
The methodologically review provides a framework that enables researchers to draw on a variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis. It helps highlight many ethical issues which students should be aware of and considerate as they go through their study.

The systematic review consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form.
The theoretical review concretely examines the corpus of theory that has accumulated regarding an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establishes what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing methods have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. This unit of analysis is often used to help establish a lack of relevant theories or reveal that current approaches are inadequate for explaining new and emerging research problems.

Importance of Writing Professional Literature Review

A literature review as a study requires not only scholarly but professional maturity as it shows a writer’s grasp of the field, but the procedural sophistication utilized in appraising others’ research, and the breadth and depth of their reading and understanding. There are many reasons as to why a professional literature review paper is regarded a core component of any scientific study. These include but not limited to the following:

It acts as a stepping stone towards the achievement of research objectives as it emphasizes on the credibility of the writer in his or her field.
It provides a solid background to back a person’s investigation by analyzing the existing literature and giving justification to the discussion of findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This allows one to demonstrate how his/her research is linked to previous efforts and how it extends to build on a better understanding.
Helps to avoid duplication, identify the gaps in other studies with the goal of filling them, borrow from the research design and methodology used to investigate that particular problem and to interpret one’s findings.
It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in new areas by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original studies in that particular field.

Components of an professionally written literature review

According to our team of professional literature review paper writers, an effective literature review chapter should include the following elements:

Objective of the literature review
Overview of the subject under consideration
Clear categorization of sources selected into those in support one’s particular position, those opposed and those offering completely different arguments
Discussion of both the distinctiveness and similarities of each source

Guidelines: How To Write Professional Literature Review Paper

Preparation of a literature review may be divided into the following steps:

Define the subject and scope of the review

A well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review. It is important for the topic not only to be interesting to the writer but to have an important aspect of the field and well defined so as to ensure that many readers are interested in the review and enough material is available to write it.

Select databases

The library catalog, subject-specific databases, and other search tools are useful to every writer in finding sources that are relevant to the topic chosen. It is important to read and evaluate the sources to determine their suitability to the understanding of the subject at hand. Review abstracts, articles, bibliographies and references of research studies to locate vital information for consideration.

Conduct Search for literature

Skim the contents of available article, book and abstract to find the claims, conclusions, and findings of the constructs one is investigating; definitions of terms; calls for follow-up studies relevant to the project; gaps noticed in the literature and disagreements about the constructs examined.

Review the literature

Analyze, interpret and discuss the findings and conclusions of the sources selected. It is important in writing the literature review for the writer not only to summarize the prior research but to critically examine the research related to the chosen topic then present a perspective on the research as a means for establishing his/her credibility as a scholar.

About the author

The author this blog post on how to write professional literature review chapter is a proven writer with vast experience in research and writing. He has several years of experience in offering help with economics literature review chapter to British, American and Australian students.

Guide to writing APA literature review

Sample Essay on World War III

The Start of World War III: Kim Jong-un versus Donald Trump

With or without the help of Donald Trump, Kim Jong-un has the capability to plunge the entire planet into its World War III inside a century. Indubitably this one will cause more harm and destruction than the Great War, where even the use of aircraft was in its early stages, and chemical weapons were not used. It could also be more dangerous than the World War II that ended with the first where nuclear weapons were heavily used.

Currently, Donald Trump has played a pivotal role in inciting the start of World War III where he has installed anti-missile defense against the north inside South Korea. Trump is trying to copy what President Kennedy did in 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis. Note that President Reagan did the same thing during 1980s cold war: practicing brinkmanship, demonstrating strength and displaying resolve.

Just like Kennedy and Reagan, it is easy for Trump to prevail. Nevertheless, it not that trick to watch how things would spin out of control in a blink of an eye. Since this will make Kim feel that he is abandoned and exposed at the same time, he could try to retaliate by sending off a few missiles of his own, perhaps targeting Japan which is always a popular point of the target. Evident to the recent form in Syria and Afghanistan, Trump will strike back using a surgical and proportionate strike on some facilities belonging to North Korea. The North Korean will be forced to sink a South Korean warship. In the process, some North Koreans will manage to get themselves shot to ribbons, chucking another missile over the border and it kills all the American troops. This will force Trump to retaliate by escalating the bombing of government building. With all these happenings, Kim will see his regime critically threatened, having no other alternative and nothing to lose. Having a great support from Russian and Chinese diplomacy, Kim will unleash his massive conventional force, trying to get the Americans surrender and leave him in power.

Military Might and Powerful Military Forces in World War III

The fact is that there is no shortage of weapons. In those two parts of the world, you come across the world’s biggest and most powerful military forces. The United States and Russia are now content to be more of an observer than a player. Believing what Trump says, it is so worrying to publicly chastise North Korea while pushing for harsher sanctions. Remember that there is South Korea too rapidly growing its armed troops, and of course North Korea, with a massive army and its nuclear and missile technology it has managed to build. Even though Japan us technically impaired to self-defense, the country has substantial armed forces. Note that it would not take an extended period for this superior abundant power to build a nuclear technology weapon once the need arises.

Kim is not crazy, and he is also not a nutty dictator as portrayed in team America; he is just like his father. Kim is ruthless and paranoid, as he openly eliminates all his rivals and critics. Since he has nothing to lose, once the Americans decide to depose him just like what they did with Saddam and Gaddafi, he believes that he will be killed publicly. Because of this, nothing can stop him from executing a few million Japanese and Koreans plus a few thousand Yankee soldiers.

Clearly, this is where the danger for President Donald lies. The US president has cleverly made some augments that America does not want to embrace change. However, let’s find out of what use are those words to Kim. The only reason Kim needs his nuclear and enjoys playing with them is precise to freak out other leaders around him, leaders who care less about human life and prosperity of their countries. What the northern Korea leader sees is the world where developed nations like America, Japan, South Korea and even China or Russia will try to eliminate you if you so dump such that you disarm yourself or let them tamper with your weapon program. So according to Kim, this is the main reason as to why Gaddafi and Saddam were executed in cold blood. However, our primary concern should be why both the Iranians and Kim are still sitting pretty.

The threat is not about Trump personally. It is what any American president is bound to do once they feel that the vital security of the great nation is at stake. Essentially, what the article talks about here is the ultimate sacrifice made by Japan and South Korea to eliminate some threats of a North Korean missile killing American citizens in some next five years to come. The danger can be assessed as possible, and it might shift over time. However is seems implausible to vanish on its preference, for example through massive economic collapse. Nevertheless, this is never a good prospect that any president can feel contended with. No president is capable of allowing a hostile nation to be in a position to attack San Francisco with a nuclear-tipped ICBM if it has an opportunity to stop it from taking place.

If President Donald Trump felt that he had no other option other than making a surgical strike, the consequences of his action are incalculable. Just like Kim has done in the past, Trump could have opted for a low-level act of aggression. For instance, he would opt to sink a North Korean warship or drop a big conventional bomb on a North Korean nuclear facility. It is not possible to assume that Kim could respond in a kind way, worsen matters or just shout a lot. If escalation starts, when will it go critical? How many people will lose their lives in the process and how much damage could it bring to the global economy?

CONCLUSION

The cost of human life and treasure would be unprecedented is this is bound to happen. The current world, apart from the odd hermit nation like North Korea, is a more interdependent than ever before in various ways including social, political and economic aspects. This alone could make World War III the worst ever global conflict.

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Porter’s Five Forces Analysis on Uber

Are you a student looking for write my economics assignment on Porter’s five forces analysis on Uber or any other disruptive company? Our homework writers assist students write high quality case studies, term papers, essays, assignments or homework on management, marketing or economics papers at affordable prices. In our efforts to showcase the writing and research skills of our writers, we regularly publish papers on the most sought after topics. This post presents Porters five forces analysis on uber company and explains reasons the company is so successful. Uber is hailed as a major disruptive force in the taxi and logistic business. The company that was started as a black car service has grown to become the biggest taxi hailing service operating in 58 countries and with a market valuation of over over $60billion

Michael Porter’s five forces analysis assists in analyzing of the level of competition and business strategy development that shapes every industry and helps determine an industry’s weaknesses and strengths. It draws upon industrial organization economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore the attractiveness of an industry. The five forces framework works by looking at the high points of five essential elements that affect competition. These fall under Supplier Power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitutions and potential new entrants.

Understanding the network channels, potential growth and attractiveness of a company in the transportation industry demands the use of Porter’s five forces analysis. Uber is one of the fastest growing omnipresent ride-sharing transportation company that has managed to command a significant presence in the main parts of the world spreading by over 60 countries since its inception in 2009. Within the few years of existence, the organization has succeeded in capturing the loyalty of its customers by catering to the on-demand rides of individuals of all caliber of society. This has, in turn, enabled Uber to expand its market share and provision of better services. With the enormous glory and popularization surrounding the company, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis brings to light the strengths and weakness the firm possesses in the industry in various countries.

1. The potential threat of new market entrants:
A company’ position can be immensely affected by the ability of other organizations to enter their market. The potential risks that the enterprise face are as follows;

Setting itself in the technological arena, Uber aims to provide a linking bridge between customers and transport providers. This market requires a higher amount of initial capital to start up, and though Uber’s founders parted with a substantial amount of capital, upcoming rivals are utilizing lesser initial capital to jump start their operations thereby quickly penetrating the market.
Though Uber’s policy is to freely offer their software to willing clients, these services can however easily be swapped at zero charges. As the demand to balance costs become imminent, Uber is not invulnerable to raising rates, making it easier for other organizations to penetrate the industry. The ease of service swap by customers is a strong force because it defines the firm’s survival rate in the sector.
Various problems have popped up in Uber operations; legal issues, negative press around several areas and even fines by government authorities such as Germany, France, India, Thailand, Netherlands and United Kingdom has made the market to be under controversies thereby making new entrants very cautious stepping into the business. This has at least for a short period, reduced the threat of new entrants into the market who must work in overcoming all these challenges.
As a technology-based company, it is not easy for Uber to stop any form of imitation by any other transportation firm. This means that it is easy for the concept to be copied by new ride-sharing companies and other competitors thereby to not only operate in the same way as Uber but to also charge less for the same distance.

2. The threat of substitutions:
A Substitute is a well know fear that is experienced in a competitive business environment. In the transportation industry, there are numerous member organizations that can quickly provide a replacement for Uber services. With the service quality that Uber provides, taxi services, for instance, is the closest opponent and a potential substitute emerging from the traditional transportation industry. Taxi service is traditional to towns with ride-sharing operations because of both its lower-cost and efficiency, and user-friendly designing. As such, their abundance is enough to curb Uber from elevating the service fees. It is noteworthy that due to price sensitivity, a minor rise of Uber rates can result in customer taking on the services of its closest adversaries and alternatives. Moreover, due to the presence of other public means of transport like trains, private cars and even self-driving cars (Google Cars) that offer similar services can threaten Uber’s existence or operations. A constant threat of substitutes is currently a weak force in the case of Uber.

3. Supplier Bargaining Power

This is the ability of suppliers to drive up the prices of a company’ inputs. The threat of supplies to Uber is experienced below:

One of the leading suppliers of the transportation industry is the availability of drivers. Uber does not own vehicle among its fleets. As such, the company’s business model is mostly dependent on drivers owning cars. Regrettably, the concentration of this group of suppliers to work for Uber is not very high due to the stringent requirements needed to be hired by Uber. Uber utilize a subcontracting policy for its employment process to individuals that meet the terms of use of their web application. It is also tough to substitute individual drivers as they are given the freedom to choose between the organization and rivals. This results in drivers negotiating for better attention to the company’s expense. Therefore, it is undeniable that the suppliers have a stronger power in impacting Uber’s performance.
Oil and gas suppliers is another major provider. The oil price has been plunged since 2015, and the lowest level has reached less than $30 in the year 2017. Highly fluctuation of the price of such an essential component to company’s transportation industry brings a high risk to the market because of the level of uncertainty and non-predictability of oil to powers vehicles. Suppliers of these components thereby have a high bargaining power in the operations of Uber.

4. Threat of buyers: High- Buyer Bargaining Power
The strength of customers can affect the performance of a firm by lowering the prices placed on the products and services.

Uber’s clienteles are sensitive to price variations due to the existence of alternatives and rivals. As the market grows bigger, the number of opponents bringing customers more choice also becomes larger thus makes the switching cost for customers comparatively low. This is because Uber application software is not only free but just requires a client’ registration. Customers can therefore freely choose between Uber, Curb, Lyft, or other emerging ride-sharing entities at no cost.
The number ownership of private cars has experiences a huge rise during the past few years, and though the parking problems have been more severe than ever before, this has not stopped individuals from desiring the status attached to one owning a car. This as an alternative means that the demand for Uber services is low.
In light of these factors, the buyers’ bargaining power has limited the amount of income for the firm, hence solidifying it as an active force.

5. The degree of rivalry:
This is the strength of competition in the industry. The trend of concentration of the industry appears to be higher than previous years, and the existing companies in the market compete with both suppliers (car drivers) and customers.

Though there are some competitors such as Curb and Didi Chuxing, Lyft is considered the principal competitor of Uber. Lyft has an almost indistinguishable business ideas and procedures to that of Uber. Not only are the two firms contending for market share but also the suppliers. A modern business setting demands organizations target a customer base within a given geographical locations to cut on the operation cost. This is the incident for Lyft and Uber. Uber has a deep-rooted business system and massive capital investment. In essence, it is a market trail-blazer, but small variation strategies limit the firm’s potential. Competition is a weakening force given Uber’s supremacy. Uber is indeed a dominant force in the ride-sharing industry. However, there is a need for improvement of its innovative strategies to gain a competitive edge. The transport sector especially the US has many alternates and competing entities. To survive, it is vital for Uber to lower the cost of operation to avoid raising customer charges.

It is not identified what Uber’s future is. Google Cars are a serious threat to its success. Uber should address the flaws found in the SWOT and turn weaknesses into strength. The team must work and exploit the opportunities and avoid the shortcomings.

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How to Write Good Nursing Capstone Paper

Are you looking for tips on writing good nursing capstone paper? Every nursing student is required to write a capstone paper as a partial fulfillment to attaining a nursing degree in American, British, Australian, Oman or Canadian colleges. It can be quite frustrating for a student who has not mastered the art of writing capstone proposals and projects. However, this article seeks to impart necessary knowledge in developing a quality nursing paper.

How to write Good Nursing Capstone Paper: Pitfalls to avoid

When writing a nursing capstone paper, there are some predictable pitfalls that learners tend to make every time. Understanding all these potential nursing scholarly pitfalls before you start writing your paper can go a long way in assisting you to evade them successfully. Then, you will have all the knowledge of writing an good nursing capstone paper that you will be proud of and at the same time impress your instructor.

Guidelines for writing a good nursing capstone paper

Usually the final stage of your nursing studies is writing a nursing capstone paper. The capstone proposal and final project will show all the problems addressed, step you take to solve the issue, the means, and equipment used to measure the along with your recommendations. Here are few basic guidelines to assist you when writing the final report.

Format your report well
Make a summary before starting
Make sure you include all sources on your page of reference
Write clearly and concisely
Proofread

One of the necessary requirements for completing the majority of nursing programs is doing a capstone project. The capstone project offers an excellent opportunity for learners to implement skills and knowledge into practice. A portion of the project involves writing a paper which is a written presentation of your whole project.

The presentation introduces all the problems that your project is tailored at solving and shows in a detailed manner how the project is intended to achieve that. Some of the project details to be included comprise, tools used, time involved and methods used in analyzing the results. Following proven guidelines, you can as well include the project results, objectives obtained, unanticipated results and ultimately a recommendation based on the project degree of success. Note that the capstone paper will represent your entire project. As a result, you need to make sure you present a well-written paper for your project to be successful.

Lack of research before selecting a thesis statement

In some occasions, when stressed or busy, learners tend to rush when choosing a subject for a paper. Therefore, their concentration and connection with the subject matter can be affected greatly, and unavoidable the effect is evident in their writing. Doing a thorough research and selecting a topic you can connect are critical steps in writing an effective thesis statement, and ultimately an good nursing capstone paper.

Lack of a strong thesis statement

The moment you pick a subject, the next step should be creating a strong thesis statement. This is an essential, foundational element for a valid paper. One assurance of setting up a successful argument is that you take a definite point of view. The thesis statement must be clear and able to express one main idea, and it should be about the subject that permits further discussion. A good thesis statement must be genuine, compelling and gives the reader the urge to continue reading.

Try to make appropriate connections between thesis statement and supporting elements
The format of a good research paper flows from the thesis statement to the supporting elements, which includes the body of the article. A successful research paper must have a sustained inquiry and an interesting discussion of a perfectly-defined subject. Your paper should transition effectively from your thesis statement to your supporting statement.

Present strong and relevant data to support your statements

All the supporting statements in your paper must be backed up by appropriate sources which can authenticate the point of view given by the thesis statement. All your supporting statements must flesh out your unique thesis statement and must also have a basis in strong, accurate data that you cite and the reader can verify without difficulties.

Cite your sources properly

In your research paper, you need to give proper credit to all data and reference you use in your paper. Specific requirements for citing the sources can vary depending on the instructions given. Whether you are working in the APA writing style or any other format, every format comes with its particular parameters and rules for citing sources. Make sure you carefully go through the instructions given for you to cite sources within the required guidelines. Luckily, there is new software available that can assist you in this area of writing research papers. Whether it is APA, MLA style format or any other, the formatting software can be of great help in the citation process.

Note that the capstone project might take a very long period to be completed. The process begins once you present your proposal, it gets approved and then you receive the results that satisfy all your expectations. Simple usual mistakes on a written paper that come as a result of rushing to complete your project or negligence have been the major downfall of many projects that would have otherwise been successful. Some of the common mistakes made when writing an good nursing capstone paper include:

Failure to follow proper paper format, note that the majority of learning institutions provide simple outlines to follow, and past papers from former students can be used as a reference.
Using long sentences and unnecessary big terminologies in your writing: this is a tactic sometimes intended to impress, but that never does. Note that you can impress more using clear and concise sentences that get direct to the point.
Failure to proofread your paper, try as much as possible to avoid simple grammatical errors and spelling mistakes by proofreading your paper before handing it over.

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How to Improve Memory of Learners

How to Improve Memory of Learners Through Proper Nutrition

Are you a teacher and would like to improve memory of learners? or are you a student struggling with memory lapses? If yes, most likely you have been taking poor diet. Studying is an activity that utilizes both mental and physical strength. Lack of energy as a result of poor diet more often lead to loss of memory, fatigue and lethargy contributing to poor academic performance. Studies show that schools with quality nutrition meal plans report enhanced student learning due to improve memory of learners . It is evident that some foods tend to be good for your brains. Super foods and certain foods increase mental performance, improve memory and cognitive functions, as a result your concentration levels in school improve and content retention is enhanced. This leads to better academic performance in class.

Top 10 Proper Nutrition and Food to Improve Memory of Learners

Students require to be always mentally active and alert in order to quickly acquire and synthesis information. Proper nutrition play a key role in boosting brain power and memory functions. Thus, our biology essay paper writers were encouraged to research and round up ten brain boosting foods that learners should eat and feed both the brain and body. With a mixture of fruits, oils, chocolate, and vegetables, there must be something everyone will love. We encourage school administration to incorporate some of the foods in their dietary plan to improve memory of learners.

Avocados

This is one of the healthiest fruits available. Even though avocados have always got a bad reputation due to their high-fat content, it is important to bear in mind that these green avocados are packed with mono-saturated fats that help maintain your blood sugar at a lower level and also helping your skin glow.

These fruits contain both vitamin K and folate that helps in preventing a blood clot in the brain which in turn protects your body against stroke. These vitamins also assist in improving the cognitive function, both concentration, and memory.

These green powerhouses are also rich in vitamin B, and vitamin C. notes that your body has no capability to store these minerals and they must be replenished daily. On top of that, Avocados have the highest protein and lowest sugar content than any other fruit. Note that their creamy texture makes them a perfect supplement to smoothies and a replacement for fats in baked foods.

Beets

You will be surprised to know that Beets are one of the most nutritious root vegetables you can ever eat. Beets are good for reducing inflammation, help in removing toxins from your blood and they have high cancer-protecting antioxidants content. The natural nitrates contained in these root vegetables play a great role in boosting the blood flow to the brain which helps boost your mental performance. Also, when doing tough exercise, beets will help in enhancing energy and performance levels.

Blueberries

Indeed marvelous things are presented in small packages, and this is true with blue barriers. Blueberries have great health benefits, and they have a natural candy taste. To start with, blueberries are rich in antioxidants such as fiber, vitamin K, and vitamin C. since they have high level of gallic acid, these fruits are ideal for protecting your brain from disintegration and stress. You can have your daily dosage of brain berries in omega blueberry smoothie or pumpkin blueberry pancakes.

Bone broth

This is the ultimate food for curing your gut and also healing your brain. Bone broth is an ancient food that has numerous health benefits including, they boost the immune system, help in overcoming leaky gut, help to overcome food allergies and improve the health of your joints.

They have high collagen content that helps in reducing intestinal inflammation, and healing of amino acids to keep your immune system to function well and contribute to boosting your memory. The majority of doctors will prescribe bone broth to their patients since they assist your body heal from inside out.

Broccoli

Broccoli is among the best brain booster foods that God gave to mankind. This is because their vitamin K and choline content is high and this helps in keeping your memory sharp. It also contains vitamin C such that one glass will offer you with 150 percent of your prescribed daily intake. It has high fiber content meaning that you will feel satisfied quickly.

Celery

This is one of the vegetable foods that has few calories, and for that reason, it provided a lot of health benefits. It is rich in antioxidants whereby polysaccharides act as a natural anti-inflammatory and can play a great role in alleviating signs associated with inflammation such as irritable bowel syndrome and joint pain.

For the reason that its nutrient dense nature, having lots of vitamins and nutrients with few calories, celery is the perfect alternative if you want to lose some weight. While consuming the celery stalks, don’t skip its leaves and seeds since they both provide additional health benefits and they also have great taste in things such as soups and fries.

Coconut oil

It is evident that coconut oil is the most versatile foods you can ever get. With numerous coconut oil cures and uses, there is nothing that coconut oil can’t do. And the oil is also beneficial to the health of your brain. They act as a natural anti-inflammatory, destroying cells that cause inflammation. The coconut plays a great role in preventing memory loss as you age and suppress harmful bacteria that found in your gut.

Dark chocolate

Note all chocolates are created differently and because of that, dark chocolate is the best option for you. Dark chocolate is loaded with flavanols that are comprised of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. They also play a great role in lowering your blood pressure and improving blood flow to both the brain and heart. To get the best results, just avoid milk and white chocolate and go for a minimally processed dark chocolate that has more than 70 percent cocoa.

Egg yolks

Egg yolks are rich in choline that is responsible for fetal brain growth for expectant mothers. The choline also helps in breaking down bethene, a substance that produces hormones that make you feel happy. If you have been avoiding to eat eggs because of cholesterol issues, here is the good news. Research has revealed that consuming eggs has no negative impact on the cholesterol level of healthy people and at times it can help in raising good cholesterol levels.

Besides, eggs are one of the cheapest sources of protein available. All you need to do is make sure that you buy organic free-range eggs.

Green leafy vegetables

According to the recent studies, regular consumption of green leafy brain foods such as kales, Swiss chard, and romaine lettuce can help in keeping dementia away. In the research, which assessed the eating behaviors and mental capability of above 950 adults for five years. The study showed that those adults that consumed a serving of leafy vegetables twice a day encountered slower mental deterioration that the ones who ate none. The same results were achieved even when the factors such as age, education and family history of dementia were considered.

Green leafy veggies also contain vitamin A and K that play a vital role in fighting inflammation and keeping the bones strong.

After much research, our biology essay paper writers compiled a list of foods and superfoods to improve memory of learners. Besides reading, the article will be of help to students of nursing, medicine, sports science and nutrition and dietetics.

How to Write Financial Analysis Paper

Are you doing an MBA degree or a finance related course? if yes, then you should keenly read our post on how to write financial analysis paper. In this article you will learn essentials of writing a winning financial analysis paper. Our professional economics essay writing service will present key secrets to researching and writing a company or financial analysis that appeals and informs the targeted audience.

Even in your professional work, particularly those who become equities researchers and investment analysts, you will be required to write and present financial analysis papers to management or investors. It is therefore imperative to learn and understand the format and analytical techniques to utilize in the paper.

Learn Key Tips On How To Write Financial Analysis Paper

Writing a detailed financial analysis of a company is very crucial since it is one of the tools used in determining whether to invest in the business. Note that there is no particular technique of writing a financial analysis, and the presentation styles will always differ. However, it is good to ensure that you include the key components in any financial analysis you prepare. Bear in mind that the financial health of a company can only be determined once all the components have been carefully reviewed.

A financial analysis paper provides information about the financial health of a company. Even though the history of a company can be summarized by a financial statement and stock performance, the financial analysis paper tries to incorporate all these information and more into a comprehensive and coherent system. Lenders, investors and financial analyst also use a detailed financial analysis, to find out if a company has the capability to deliver a good return on investment.

Executive summary

Note that this is the section of the paper that includes the most significant research from a financial analysis in a brief, easy-to-read format. The summary condenses the information presented in the whole report; comprising the insinuations those data bring to the industry and the company at large. In most cases, this section includes a concise summary of the firm’s mission, anticipated outlook, current performance, and history. On top of that, the section comprises an overview of the company’s industry, competition and market conditions.

Financial statements

The collection of financial declarations of a company is a core part of a financial analysis paper. The financial statement includes the balance sheet, equity statement, income statement and cash flow statement. The work of the balance sheet is to show the firm’s liabilities, allocation of properties and the equity of each shareholder. The income statements will outline the income, expenses, and profit or loss of a company. On the other hand, the investment statement will show all the changes in shareholder’s equity. The cash flow statements will explain where the business obtained its cash and how it is spending the cash.

Industry analysis

It is evident that no company exist in a vacuum, and for that reason, a financial analysis paper should comprise an examination of the firm’s industry. The report must include comparisons between the company’s health and that of its competitors, and it will show the company’s market share and prominence in the industry. These features assist investors to find out if the business is competitive in its industry and if it would make a productive investment.

Financial ratios

A financial ratio is meant to disclose such aspects like the liquidity of the firm, debt amount and efficiency of the company. The current liquidity ratio can be defined as the proportion of a company’s current assets to its current liabilities. On the other hand, the debt ratio is the ratio of the firm’s total debt to its total equity. Note that the return on equity ratio is the one that weighs the income of a company against the equity of its shareholders. The price to earnings ratio can be derived by dividing the existing market price by the after-tax profits per share.

Sample Essay Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

Sample Essay on the Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

In the year 2008, two financial behemoths were pushed to oblivion after they were declared bankrupt. The collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock, which was headquartered in London marked the beginning of the global financial crisis. Eichengreen et al., (2009) observe that the fall of Lehman Brothers was the direct cause of the global recession, as the effects of the fall spread through contagion and spillover effects to the rest of the global economies.

Other scholars opine that the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock accelerated and intensified the global financial crisis. The two financial institutions were key players in their respective countries, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, however, the two financial giants failed in the year 2008. Reasons cited for the failure of these financial behemoths are strategy miscalculation and financial weaknesses.

These essay seeks to evaluate, compare and contract strategic and financial reasons for the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock, both which were operating different business models and in different geographical locations and finish with outlining what major world financial institutions should learn from the collapse of the two financial behemoths.

Overview of the Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

Overview of Lehman Brothers and its Collapse

According to Swedberg (2010) Lehman Brothers was founded by German immigrants Henry Lehman, Emanuel Lehman and Mayer Lehman in 1850 in Montgomery. The growth and prosperity of Lehman Brothers was buttressed by a bludgeoning U.S economy at that time, which aided the financial institution to become an international financial industry player. Through the years until its collapse, Lehman Brothers were faced with numerous challenges, with the most glaring being the First World War, the Great Depression of the 1930 and the Second World War, however, it was unable to withstand the housing bubble burst of 2007, which eventually brought the financial giant to its knees. Levine (2010) observes that in the year 2003, the United States of America was experiencing a housing boom and Lehman Brothers plunged into the housing business by acquiring five mortgage lenders. Initially, the new acquisitions, which were dealing in securitisation of mortgages, were highly profitable and growing faster than other business lines, lifting profits for the company by over 56% in two years, 2004 to 2006. However, crack emerged in the mortgage business with the burst of the housing bubble in the year 2007-2008, ending the bull run of the company stock and growth.

Overview of Northern Rock and its Collapse

Northern Rock started as a building society in 1955 following the merger between Northern Countries Permanent Building Society, which was formed in 1850, and Rock Building Society, which was formed in 1865. The merger gave rise to a new entity Northern Rock Building Society that later merged with small building societies. Northern Rock was listed on the London Stock Exchange in the year 2007 and had its headquarters located in North Eastern part of England. According to Shin (2009) Northern Rock core businesses before the collapse in the year 2008 was in residential mortgage lending, retail savings and insurance products. Therefore, Northern Rock was involved in three business lines, receiving deposits, lending mortgage loans and selling insurance products. The future of Northern Rock was inherent in the success or failure of its business-funding model. Following the conversion of Northern Rock Building Society into a fully-fledged bank, the United Kingdom North Eastern based financial institution started offering a wide range of banking services but still maintained the residential mortgage lending business. Capitalising on its two businesses, Cash flow from the banking business was channeled to fund loans in the mortgage business. Ungureanu and Cocris (2008) opine that Northern Rock would use the cheap deposit and offer them to consumers as mortgage loans at high interest rates. Katie (2012) explains that with increased fortunes the residential business segment and financial innovations, Northern Rock gave prominence to the residential market through creating mortgage-backed securities. Additionally, it shifted its focus from cheap deposits to interbank loans and other short term funding mechanisms from the money market and capital markets to sustain the residential market business, which is what caused cracks in Northern Rock. With the drying up of funds from financial markets falling the bubble burst and lack of confidence in the institution due to its subprime mortgage business, which at that time was in deep mess in the United States of America, depositors ran into a panic mode resulting into a bank run, drying up Northern Rock’s liquidity.

Strategic Reasons for the Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

Contemporary business environment, both in product and service, market is characterised by cutthroat competition that threatens the very survival of firms whether big or small. In order to stay afloat, Delios (2012) asserts that business managers devise both short term and long-term strategies in order to remain competitive or gain competitive advantage; consequently, a business strategy is an indispensable tool both in product and service market. Since financial institutions are driven by profit maximisation and growth attainment, managers of financial institutions devise business strategies, both in the short term and long-term business in order to drive profitability and growth both in the long term and short-term goals. However, strategies do not always yield intended purposes, as constant changes in market conditions may render them blunt and obsolete.

Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock had to pursue strategies to gain a competitive edge in the financial industry, more so to benefit from the boom in the housing market in the early years of 200s both in the United States of America and in the United Kingdom. According to Duta, Caplan and Lawson (2010) among the reasons that point to the collapse of Lehman Brothers are excessive exposure to the subprime business, fraud, poor credit risk rating by credit rating companies, complex company structure and overall company business strategy. Barkhausen (2010) observes that Lehman Brothers in the year 2006 made its intention to pursue an aggressive growth business strategy. As a result, Barkhausen (2010) expounds that the once financial behemoth “switched from a low risk brokerage model to a capital intensive banking model”. Lehman Brothers, therefore, reoriented their business strategy to a business that was involved in buying assets and storing them awaiting their appreciation in value instead of channeling them to a third party. The financial giant in pursuing its aggressive business strategy started buying into real estate, leverage lending and private equity, which are highly illiquid assets with vague prospect.

This was a profitable business model in the short term but a very risky model in the long term given the low prospects of illiquid assets such as private equity, which would only cripple financial performance. While Lehman Brothers was pursuing an aggressive growth strategy to increase profitability levels, Northern Rock, on the other hand, was pursuing a different business model from Lehman Brothers but that was also an aggressive business strategy to increase profitability levels. Einsenbeis and Kaufman (2009) assert that the predominant reason of the collapse of Northern Rock was precipitated by its aggressive business strategy that it adopted following its conversion into a fully fledged bank in the year 1997. Einsenbeis and Kaufman (2009) continues to assert that in 1997, Northern Rock re-oriented its business model from “a traditional thrift and mortgage lender that originated and held mortgages to one that relied upon mortgage origination, servicing and repackaging through securitisation.” Just like in Lehman Brothers case, the new business model proved profitable in the short term lifting assets in mid 2005 from $16 billion to a record $32 billion at the end of 2007. In addition, according to the Bank of England (2007) the new business model tripled Northern Rock’s mortgage market share from 6% to a record 19% from the year 1999 to the year 2007. These aggressive business strategies that re-oriented earlier business models of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock constrained liquidity for the both financial behemoth. An observation supported by Llewellyn (2004) who observes that the exponential growth of Northern Rock of above 20% saw mortgage lending outpace retail deposit, forcing the financial giant to fill the gap using market funding mechanisms.

Due to constrained liquidity, Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock adopted new funding strategies. For instance, Einsenbeis and Kaufman (2009) observe that the new business model of originating and distributing repackaged mortgage loans as securities caused the lender to be highly leveraged; as a result, Northern Rock turned to short term borrowing from the markets to support the securitisation process of mortgages, creating a maturity mismatch. Similarly, Swedberg (2010) asserts that despite immense losses from the countercyclical strategy that sought to re-orient the Lehman Brothers strategy into an aggressive business model, the bank failed to sell the illiquid assets instead focused on short term borrowing from the money market using repos, this saw Lehman Brothers increase its short term liabilities than peer banks. Over-reliance on short term borrowing posed high impact risk to the corporations in case of sudden steep rise in interest rates as it would make borrowing unsustainable drying up liquidity in the corporations, and that is what happened following the start of the subprime crisis, which was marked by the fall of Bear Stearns and a dip in investor confidence.

Financial Reasons for the Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

Following a boom in the housing prices in the United Kingdom and the United States of America, Northern Rock and Lehman Brothers started securitisation of mortgages, that is the origination and distribution of mortgage backed securities. According to Fabozzi and Kothari (2008) securitisation of mortgages is the process in which illiquid assets such as mortgage loans are converted to liquid assets through packaging them into asset backed securities and selling them to investors and other third party agents. The originator of mortgages, in this case Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock, sells issued loans to a special purpose vehicle, which in turns creates tranches and sells them to investors who are willing to take up the risks, cash flow from borrowers of the loans is what is used to pay the investors. Both Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock became key players in distributing securitised mortgages, Barkhausen (2010) observes that by the year 2007, Lehman Brothers had accumulated $85 billion worth of mortgage backed securities in its portfolio, which represented four times its shareholders equity. This over concentration in the mortgage business made the company highly vulnerable to a dip in housing price. The bursting of the housing bubble in 2008 brought out the consequences of over-exposure to the mortgage market to light with disastrous consequences; similar situation was reflected in Northern Rock, which was originating and distributing mortgage backed securities to investors. Securitisation posed an adverse effect of undercapitalisation to Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock due to mismatch of maturity of amount lent out and borrowed funds, as the two institutions borrowed funds on short term basis while lent out on a long term basis creating liquidity crisis on the two financial firms. Following increased credit risk due to default on subprime mortgage loans, investors grew wary of mortgage backed securities, as a result, starving cash Northern Rock and Lehman Brothers who were using proceeds from investors to settle the short term loans, therefore increasing their financial risk.

Key Lesson from the Collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock

The collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock, which at the time were dominant players in the financial industry, resulted into catastrophic effects of the global financial system. Due to the adverse effects that the fall of these two dominant players in the financial industry caused the global economy, a lot of research has been done to deduce lessons that players can learn from the their collapse. The other major reasons cited for the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock were greed, deregulation of the financial industry, weak corporate governance structures and weak risk management systems. Due to the competitive nature of the financial industry, players were undercutting peers by under pricing risks and engaging in other unethical practices to drive up businesses. Weak corporate governance structures contributed to the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock by allowing the management to pursue high impact business strategies. As a result, the financial industry need to be regulated to curb unethical business practices and play a greater oversight role in the operational activities and risk levels of players in the financial industry. Financial institutions should be required to establish effective risk management frameworks and corporate governance structures.

Conclusion

In the past two decades, the world has witnessed mixed happening in the global financial sector, from the dot.com bubble burst in the United States of America in the early 2000’s to the recent banking crisis that has hit the developed countries of Northern America and Europe. Bank failures are mainly caused by liberalisation of the financial markets and deregulation of the financial systems in a country. In the case of the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock, it was because of strategic and financial reasons caused by the aggressiveness of the management of these two firms to increase profitability levels and growth. The two institutions reoriented their business strategy in order to spur growth; however, the results had far reaching effects. The lessons learnt include a need for regulations in the financial services industry, enhanced risk management systems and enhanced corporate governance structures in financial institutions to avert another global financial crisis.

Looking for help to write original MBA essays, capstones, dissertations or thesis on accounting, finance or economics? Our MBA capstone writing service is what you need. You can also purchase pre-written high quality essay like the one above on strategic reasons for the collapse of Lehman Brothers and Northern Rock.

References
Bank of England 2007. Financial stability report. London: Bank of England.

Barkhausen, H. 2010. Derivatives in bankruptcy: some lessons from Lehman Brothers. The Journal of Structured Finance, 15(4), 7-10.

Delios, A. 2012. International business: an Asia Pacific perspective. London: FT Press.

Dutta, S., Caplan, D. & Lawson, R. 2010. Lehman’s shell game poor risk management. Strategic Finance, 92(2) 23-29.

Eichengreen, B., Mody, A. Nedeljkovic, M. & Samo, L. 2009. How the subprime crisis went global: evidence from bank credit default swap spreads. NBER Working Paper Series.

Eisenbeis, R. A. & Kaufman, G. G. 2009. The failure of Northern Rock: a multi-dimensional case study. Vienna: SUERF.

Fabozzi, F. J. & Kothari, V. 2008. Introduction to securitisation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Katie, J. 2012. Why banks fail: a case study of Northern Rock, Lehman Brothers and Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS)? Munich: GRIN Publishing.

Levine, R. 2010. An autopsy of the US financial system: accident, suicide, or negligent homicide. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 2(3), 196-213.

Llewellyn, D. T. 2004. Institutional Structure of financial regulation ad supervision: the basic issues. In Carmichael, J, Alexander F.& David, L. Aligning Financial Supervisory Structures with Country Needs. Washington: World Bank Institute,

Shin, H. S. 2009. Reflections on Northern Rock: the bank run that heralded the Global Financial Crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 101–119.

Swedberg, R. 2010. The structure of confidence and the Collapse of Lehman Brothers, markets on trial: the Economic Sociology of the U.S. Financial Crisis: A part of the research in the Sociology of Organizations, 30A, 71-114.

Ungureanu, M. & Cocris, V 2008. Northern Rock: the crisis of a UK mortgage lender. Available at: https://anale.feaa.uaic.ro/anale/resurse/018_F01_Ungureanu_Cocris.pdf [Accessed 20 May 2013]

How to Write MBA Capstone Projects

Before crowning an MBA, a capstone project will be required whereby scholars will have the platform to apply in a real business setting what they have learned throughout their academic years. The objective of the capstone is to identify and scrutinize a problem of real strategic importance to an organization from a managerial perspective. Unlike MBA dissertation that is focused on theory and performing research to add to the body of new knowledge in a certain business aspect.

Though dissertation and capstone share some similarities in research and format. It is important to differentiate MBA dissertation and MBA capstone. Since most students come to us requesting for help with writing MBA dissertation when they are supposed to mean MBA project.

A capstone project necessitates MBA learners to use their research abilities and proficiency they’ve gained over the entire MBA studies so far to either decipher real world business related difficulties or come up with a business plan for an entrepreneurial effort. Depending on the program; these high-level projects can be finalized in two semesters of students MBA’ program or extended out the full academic year. The capstone project can be commenced either individually or in a small group of 3 to 4 members.

Many capstones are selected by a student with the approval of a faculty member who will require them to write down a vast pool of recommendations for how certain problematic areas for an organization can be eradicated. In crafting these recommendations, students are given an avenue to exhibit their capability in MBA areas of study in the areas of finance, accounting, marketing, strategic management, and operations. They are defined in approximately 30-50 pages, outlined by a SWOT analysis of the company’s strengths and weaknesses, potential opportunities for growth and threats from competitors.

Process of Writing MBA Capstone Projects

The most challenging yet imperative fragment to any significant capstone project is to come up with an original MBA project topic. The focal attention for an MBA project topic should be its significance to the business realm; it is central to avoid topics that are either too broad or ambiguous as this will entail students requiring extra time when reaches the point when they are researching for data.

Furthermore, the topic must look into problems that are of strategic significance for the organization concerned and give the students the platform to come up with plausible recommendations. Additionally, the MBA project topic should be relevant and address emerging issue. For instance, HR studies are concerned with the evolution of future of work. This will be an interesting topic for any HR student interested with how artificial intelligence will impact on professions and future careers.

Read: Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Accounting profession

The application will prove beneficial to students in different ways. First, it will enable students to formulate tangible connections between the theories and methods studies during the academic year and present everyday strategic and managerial concerns. Secondly, it will assist in applying the different components of the program to carry out an extensive study. Thirdly, it will help students to enhance abilities in arbitration; collective behavior and leadership; and finally it will promote the development both written and oral skills when presenting the final outcomes from data gathered and combined for the capstone.

Students must first submit a proposal that defines the project they wish to carry out, clarify the reasons for pursuing that topic, sketch the objectives they hope to accomplish and how they strategize to meet them and display their initial research into the capstone idea. All this must be permitted a faculty member who will act as an academic mentor for the student(s) throughout the process of writing MBA capstone projects.

As soon as the capstone proposal has been ratified, students conduct an investigation and collect data on the project. If the capstone project involves conscripting a business plan for a new business venture, students will need to analyze data of its business rivals, identify a target market, and prospective sources of funding. During the course, the faculty mentor will appraise the students’ research undertakings and evaluate their process, and provide both accountability and guidance to keep students on the assignment at hand and how to proceed if they are facing any difficulty with any part of their project.

Lastly, the students methodically organize all data they have gathered to formally present the final written portion of the project to their professor. The project must exhibit the highest level of proficiency that one would expect to find in reports submitted to associates of an executive board. A presentation of the capstone follows afterward in front of a capstone committee panel of at least three members, and students may be required to answer questions about their work. The written report must feature the results and conclude with strategic recommendations, supported by an action plan which indicates the practicability of outlined recommendations.

Importance of Writing MBA Capstone Projects

Capstone projects are the final pieces of a student MBA graduate program. They are considered the most integral elements to students due to various reasons. First and foremost, they teach students to exhibit excellent academic and professional standards as they learn to apply the principles and theories of business management they learn in the MBA curriculum to the real world.

After all; it is overall beneficial knowing all there is to know about strategic management and sophisticated quantitative research skills and applying them to gather data from a real world organization so as to draw conclusions about staff productivity or profitability and make improvements on that data. Secondly capstone projects demonstrate students’ ability to collect and analyze either primary or secondary data from relevant and credible sources. Thirdly, once the agreed upon issues have the fully addressed and new recommendations provided, organizations can be able to use them in their ongoing work and decision-making processes.

Writing MBA capstone projects requires experience and expertise. Most students lack time or necessary research writing skills to develop a winning final MBA project. Hiring MBA capstone project writer offers them relieve as the writer infuses business knowledge and much needed critical thinking skills in the paper. Students who come to us for help to write MBA projects ace through their MBA program with distinction.