How to Write Financial Management Research Papers

Research paper writing is undoubtedly a daunting task for many college students. And finance is not the “softest” area when it comes to writing research papers. Developing a research paper in literature or anthropology can be challenging in certain ways. But when it comes to areas such as financial management, things can get quite complicated. Financial management covers various topics that are very hard to understand. That’s the reason most students might feel intimidated by the prospect of writing a research paper in this area of study. Hopefully, the following guide on how to write financial management research papers helps.

Financial Management Research Writing is Technical Writing: Before you read further, understand that writing a research paper in financial management is like writing any other type of research paper. While the degree of complexity of the content involved may vary with disciplines, the basic structure remains the same. However, the subject uses technical terminology and jargon that make researching it difficult. You must first understand the “language of finance” to write successfully.

Where Do I Begin?Start Reading: Starting is most often the hardest part. Whatever happens, do not allow yourself to get stuck. Use online resources such as websites, books, databases, and peer-reviewed journals to analyze relevant literature. Avoid sites whose authenticity you are not confident about. Keep an eye on extensions to domain names. You are all right using .gov, .edu, .org(for non-profits), and a few select .com sites. To be successful at this stage, you need to have excellent comprehension skills. You should be able to sift through the massive content in front of you and get a sense of what matters most. Take notes. Start collecting sources.

How to Write Financial Management Research Papers: Choose Your Topic

The reading you did should provide you with a topic you can manage. So, decide the specific topic your financial management research paper will focus on. Go for an issue that challenges and interests you. Also, it needs to be an area your faculty members would find valuable. Always have your teacher approve your topic before you start working on it. In most cases, you may have to prepare a research proposal. Doing that saves you time and helps you avoid unnecessary stress down the road.

The Narrower the Topic, the More Focused Your Research: Studying a broad topic comes with various challenges. If your area of interest is too broad, you cannot thoroughly examine the topic. It is best to select an aspect of a financial management area and focus all your mental energy on it.

For example: Assume your broader research paper topic is “Risk Management: Goldman Sachs.” In this case, you can consider handling a narrower aspect like operational risk. Your new topic would now be “Operational Risk Management at Goldman Sachs.” Your study gets super focused with a narrower topic area. Generally, the narrower the topic, the easier developing it becomes.

Topic ideas and the topic types to avoid: Unless you are super confident about every possible financial management topic, avoid:

Topics that appear to be too technical
Topics that seem too specialized
Topics about which you can’t seem to find enough source materials and data

A few Suggested Research Areas

Here are some financial management topic areas you can consider:

Risk management: This is concerned with how organizations manage unforeseen events and how to minimize their impact on organizational performance. Types of risks include financial risk, economic risk, regulatory risks, human risks etc
Corporate governance: Under this topic a student can choose an organization and study the system of rules and processes that govern an organization. A hot topic in this area today is the composition of women in the board and their impact on sustainable business practices.
Investment management: This topic is concerned with how a financial institution manages its financial resources such as equity, fixed income instruments, commodities and alternative investments.
Performance management:
Criminal money management

Develop Your Thesis Statement

You have reviewed enough material and collected relevant information regarding your sources. It is time to write down your thesis statement. Writing a thesis statement might not be as straightforward as you probably think. A good thesis statement does not simply state a fact. Nor does it attempt to advance an opinion. Also,it is not supposed to be a topic. Carefully reviewing relevant material provides you with one “strong” idea. Your thesis statement represents the “belief” you form after analyzing all your sources.

People Should Support or Oppose Your Thesis Statement

If you write a thesis statement no one wants to dispute, you most likely have stated a mere general fact or opinion. A well-written thesis statement causes others to say things like “ I do not agree with the author, but let me read on. “ Or, “ If I were the one writing this financial management research paper, this would be my position.” That is the reason you must avoid writing generic statements that do not stand out.

For Example: “Operational risk management at Goldman Sachs is effective.” Look at that statement. That statement may stir interest in people who agree the bank is doing a perfect job in operational risk management. Suppose we amended it a little and wrote, “Operational risk management in Goldman Sachs is effective, but the bank should do more to strengthen its systems.” What do you think about that statement? It makes people say “What more does this person know about Goldman Sachs?” They might also say “Goldman Sachs’ operational risk management is among the soundest known, but let’s hear what this author attempts to say.”

Make your statement inspire controversy, and you are on your way. Generally, there needs to be a bit of tension in your statement if it is to attract attention. So, pay attention while crafting the thesis statement.

How to Write Financial Management Research Papers: Structure

Having a clear idea regarding the specific format you will follow makes writing financial management research papers much easier. Here is an easy-to-follow structure you can adopt:

Title Page
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Introduction
Body
References

Title Page

It is what your professor or any other person sees first. Typically, the way you write and format this page depends upon the conventions and rules associated with your editorial style. How you handle a cover page in MLA slightly differs from how you write it using APA. Consider reviewing the specific manual again to ensure you are fully conversant with it. Usually, there are marks for writing the page correctly. These are like “free” marks for students who are keen while formatting this page. Typically, this page contains the study title, the name of the author, names of the supervisors involved, institution, and course name. Financial management normally follows the APA style.

Acknowledgement

Thanking those who encouraged you or offered a helping hand along the way is important. Mention their names and what they did for you.

Abstract

Some people use the term “abstract” and “introduction” interchangeably. It is all right; it all depends on the discipline in question and what your instructors might prefer. The abstract summarizes what your study is all about. Typically, an abstract is shorter than an introduction. Writing 400 –500 words for this section is enough.

Your abstract must:

State the problem you intend to investigate
Indicate your study’s purpose
State the method used
Display major results
State significant implications and interpretations of your findings

How to Write Your Problem Statement

Every research paper aims to solve a problem. But you cannot effectively address a problem unless you have first identified it. The issue needs to be crystal clear to you before you can think of presenting it to others through a research paper. Writing a problem statement isn’t hard if you have been reading and noting ideas. You can get ideas from anywhere including online magazines, journalarticles, press releases, newspapers and so on.

First, Describe What Should be the Case: Ask yourself: What would the situation be like if this company was not grappling with this problem? Answering that question is like solving the problem that exists. But the current situation is different; it is not what it needs to be. For that reason, use transitions such as “However” or “Unfortunately” to introduce your problem.

Problem Statement Example: “Goldman Sachs should do everything it can to mitigate the risks it currently faces so that it can become a stronger bank able to withstand financial trouble in the future.” You have described how things should be.

You are saying that the bank now faces certain risks. And that it is not where it is supposed to be in terms of risk mitigation. Now, let us write your problem statement:

“Unfortunately, Goldman Sachs is yet to act decisively regarding three risks that threaten to make it less competitive now and in the future. These are market risks, country risks, and political risks.”

Explain the Problem Using Facts and Figures: Find statistics that help you to explain the stated problem. Explaining the problem includes showing how Goldman Sachs suffers as a result of the current issue. You need not include citations in the abstract section. But you will need to provide support when it comes time to expound on those claims later on in the body.

Formulate Research Questions

Your research should restrict itself to answering your research questions. If you got the problem statement right, you should have no challenge writing the research questions. Research questions are “normal” questions ending with question marks.

For example: “Which market risks does Goldman Sachs face?”

Research Introduction

The opening sentence needs to have the “power” to grab the reader’s attention quickly. Where an introduction is dull, the reader usually stops reading. Here is your opportunity to announce your topic. Use the “inverted triangle” approach. In this approach, you start with general topic issues. You then shift your focus to specific features of the issues indicated. You need to give the reader a “hint” of what they can expect. You have to include a list of keywords if you intend to publish your paper.

Your hypothesis or hypotheses and thesis statement are part of the introduction. A hypothesis allows you to make a supposition or prediction that guides your investigation of the issues at hand. Usually, your paper’s thesis should be the last sentence of the introduction. Note: In qualitative studies, researchers typically use hypothesis and thesis in more or less the same way.

Background Information

This information can be part of your introduction. Or it can be a separate part. Here, you need to show the reader that you understand your topic. And that you have developed a fundamental understanding of the research problem your study seeks to investigate. Essentially, this section tells the reader what you understood before you started planning this project. It describes the nature and history of the research question as it relates to existing literature.

Literature Review

The literature review section allows your audience to familiarize themselves with the various sources you have selected for your study. Writing this part right presents you as a well-prepared researcher. The goal here should be to come across as someone possessing a profound knowledge of the area you are studying. Here, you need to include a review of recent, relevant works as well as the most current developments in that area. Your job is to analyze or evaluate the sources used and let the reader know which of them helped your research paper most.

Finally, you need to show why your work matters. How does it develop the already existing knowledge body?Why should anyone care about the work at all?

Methods

Here, you want to specify the study design you will be using. Are you going to do a qualitative or quantitative study? Depending on the nature of your topic, you can use either a quantitative or qualitative approach. If you want to investigate the risk component of securities held by ordinary shareholders in a business, the quantitative method is the better approach. If your paper intends to study how these ordinary investors perceive risk, you may want to use the qualitative approach. Qualitative research does not usually rely on statistical analysis.

In the methods section, you must:

Describe the sampling strategy: in financial management research papers, you might not always deal with people as your participants. Your participants can be archival documents or literary texts. Such “participants” are usually “subjects” rather than participants.
Identify the variables, especially in a quantitative study. If your financial management study is qualitative, you do not need to have dependent and independent variables.
Describe data collection tools: If your research design is quantitative, you can use questionnaires. However, it the study is qualitative, interviews provide better quality information
Describe your procedures for carrying out the research
Offer information regarding your analysis methods

Findings

Once you have analyzed the data obtained, you need to report the results. Decide which aspects of your research paper are the most critical and interesting. Discuss the results of your inquiry. You must determine whether the findings you obtained answer all your research questions. Whether your financial management paper followed the quantitative approach or quantity approach, you must interpret your results concisely. Were these results what you expected? If not, explain them. You also must find a way to link the results you have with your research questions and literature review.

Conclusions

You should end financial management research papers compellingly. The reader needs to understand whether your study was successful. Let them know whether any questions remain unanswered. You can restate the most significant points here, but you must choose your words carefully. Remember: the conclusion is likely what the reader retains. A well-written conclusion makes people feel that reading your work wasn’t a waste of time. Your conclusion can also suggest research others can conduct in the future.

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Major Guidelines to Writing Effective Thesis, Dissertation Papers

Writing Effective Thesis & Dissertation Papers: How To

You are about to begin writing your thesis paper. It is a daunting task, at least for some students some of the time. Usually, getting started is the most challenging part, and writing effective thesis that reads like a real thesis may seem impossible. One that does not read like a topic, an opinion, or profusion of mere facts. Writing effective thesis statement is for most learners the trickiest part of writing thesis or dissertation paper.

You seek guidelines for writing effective thesis paper. Hopefully, you’ll have understood the process by the time you are reading the last word.

Write Your Title Page

The specific editorial style you are going to use, for example, APA or MLA, guides you as you write the title page. Please refer to the relevant style manual and learn how to do it. That said, it should include your name, name of the institution as well as the names of your advisors.

Table of Content

Guides readers as they search for specific pieces of information. It lists all subheadings and headings. It also includes page numbers. You can use MS Word to quickly and professionally generate your table of contents.

List of Figures

It carries the page numbers of all the figures you have included in your work. You should also add a short title for each figure.

List of Tables

It lists the page numbers of all the tables you have included.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: Write Your Abstract

Typically, an abstract is no more than 500 words. That is about two relatively long paragraphs. Concisely tell your readers why the thesis paper matters. An abstract presents your most significant results. Be sure to include numbers where applicable. State the question or questions you are trying to answer as well as the methods you will use to investigate the problem. Also, your abstract needs to state the significant implications of your study. Implications are all about why your work matters. It is advisable to handle this part after you have finished writing your thesis paper. You do not need citations in your abstract.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: The Introduction Determines Whether Your Paper Succeeds or Fails

The introduction is what makes or breaks a lawyer’s case. And it is what determines whether your readers will continue to the rest of the argument. For that reason, you need to get super focused as you think through this section of your paper. The jury needs to know what a lawyer believes regarding their client’s innocence from the outset.

Does the lawyer believe the accused is guilty? Not guilty? A good lawyer’s opening lines let jury members know where they (lawyer) stands on the matter and how they plan to convince the jury. A well-written thesis introduction should be like the opening lines used by successful lawyers. It should be clear and focused. It should quickly tell the reader what you’ll argue. Most importantly, a perfect introduction tells readers how you intend to convince them.

Learn to Think like a Lawyer, Present Clear, logical, and Convincing Arguments

What comes to mind when someone says they are a lawyer? Smart. Thorough. Logical. Arguments. Those are possibly the ideas that pop up in your mind. Lawyers are all of those qualities, and more. Learning to write a thesis paper that makes your professor smile as they read is pretty much like writing a defense theory.

A good lawyer listens attentively to their client and understands all the fine points related to their case. Then they examine the prosection’s evidence thoroughly. Finally, they prepare an argument that presents a specific position. Their legal and logical reasoning needs to convince the members of the jury. If they fail, their client ends up in jail. Worse, they might get the death sentence. Mistakes can destroy a lawyer’s reputation and career fast. Your argument, too, needs to be logical and convincing if you want to earn an excellent grade.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: Write Your Thesis Statement

Every thesis paper needs to have a thesis statement. Your thesis statement should be part of your introduction. If there is one area that gives a lot of students trouble, it is writing the thesis statement. Don’t get confused. A thesis statement is not a topic. Nor is it merely a statement of fact. Most importantly, it is not an opinion. Your thesis statement needs to be the most prominent part of your introduction. Getting it wrong is like getting the whole thesis paper wrong. Typically, your thesis statement is the last sentence of your introductory paragraph.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: Review and Analyze Primary Sources

Let us assume you are a political science student. The first thing you should do is head to the library. Search for material related to what you want to write about. A good example can be the French Revolution. What were the specific causes? What took place? When? Who were the participants? Analyze every bit of information you gather from your primary sources. Can you identify a controversial point of view? Is the author’s argumentambiguous? Have they contradicted themselves? Understand the deeper implications of the author’s argument.

You are doing all this to get a working thesis. Write down your thesis statement as soon as you mentally develop it. Writing it down forces you to think in a clear, logical and concise way.

Use Counterarguments to Refine Your Thesis Statement

Failure to think about what others have said against your thesis is the beginningof failure. Analyze opposing points of view as this helps to clarify your thoughts and strengthen your thesis statement. Also, examining the counterarguments provides you with the views you’ll need to refute when it comes time to write your paper’s body. An argument without counterarguments is no argument. It is most likely an opinion or at best, a statement of fact.

Let us Attempt to Write Your Thesis Statement Now

“Although the economic paralysis and bankruptcy resulting from conflict between the nobility and the Monarchy led to the French Revolution of 1789 – 1799, the Enlightenment of the Frenchplayed a more significant role.”

What does the reader think upon reading your thesis statement? They might say: I don’t entirely agree with the author of this thesis paper. But I will read on and see how they argue their case. You would like people to agree with your point of view. But it is good enough that people find your paper worth reading, even when they disagree.

What a Thesis Statement is Not

A list

Don’t write,

“Political conflict, social antagonisms and enlightenment caused the French Revolution.” Your thesis statement succeeds in letting the reader know what to expect. But, doesn’t it read pretty much like a list? Besides, thisexample states what every educated person already knows. That statement advances no argument. It merely states a fact.

A question

Admittedly, a thesis paper is supposed to discuss, explore and answer specific questions. And keen readers want to feel that your paper tells them something. However, your thesis statement should not directly ask the question. That’s what research questions are for.

“What caused the French Revolution?” Always remember that a question and an argument are two distinct things. And without an argument, your paper will never get anywhere near being captivating. Finding the answers to why the revolution happened is easy for most people. So, you must attempt to present the facts in a way that makes the issue look fresh and interesting.

A statement that is confrontational

Do not write, “Monarchies are inherently evil; that is why the French Revolution happened.” How do you build your thesis paper upon such an ineffective thesis statement? Arguing that will likely prove to be a task you were not ready for. How did you decide that monarchies are evil? Is this your opinion? Is there any authority you can rely on? Academic writing is less about being judgmental and moralistic and more about being rational and factual. Besides, such a thesis statement might end up alienating some of your readers. Not everyone thinks monarchies are evil. In fact, you might just be the only one!

A statement containing general or overused terms

Let us look at this example thesis statement: “The French Revolution happened due to political conflict.” The statement does not advance an argument. Besides, it is obvious to almost everyone that political conflict must have preceded the revolution. Here, you are simply reminding readers what they know already. Your thesis statement, in this case, looks overused, general and uninteresting. The kind of paragraph-one conclusion that has the reader muttering: nothing new here.

A Statement Without an arguable claim

Your paper is supposed to advance a specific point of view. When you state a fact and pretend it is a thesis, discerning readers will quickly notice and stop reading. Let us look at the example we started with:

The author argues that the French Revolution is more attributable to the Enlightenment than to political conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility. Your reader probably views the French Revolution differently. But you have presented a clear, arguable claim. They would probably say “let me read further and hear what this author has to say.” When that person is your professor of political science, you are beginning to win. They might even think “Here isanother promisingscholar.”

A Hypothesis is Different than a Thesis Statement

Hypothesis writing is another challenging step of the scientific method. Some students get themselves all confused when it comes to writing effective hypothesis. They think a hypothesis and thesis statement are the same. Well, some disciplines may treat the two as though they were interchangeable, but they are different. If your study hopes to prove or disprove something, it needs to have a hypothesis. Typically, hypotheses most commonly appear in quantitative research. A hypothesis is a testable prediction. It is an educated prediction regarding the relationship between two variables. A researcher’s job is to support or falsify the hypothesis using observable evidence.

A Hypothesis Can be a Question or Statement

You learned earlier that a good thesis statement is never a question. In contrast, a hypothesis can either be a question or a statement. Your hypothesis must specify both the dependent variables and independent variables. Dependent variables relate to who or what you expect to get affected. An independent variable represents what or who you predict will affect your study’s dependent variable.

Essentially, the introduction expands on what you stated in your abstract. Typically, it is longer than the abstract. How long? As long as it reasonably needs to be. Generally, the longer the paper, the longer the introduction can be. It can be a page or pages.

Example of a Hypothesis

“Temperature may affect bacterial growth.”

Here, the researcher predicts that bacterial growth gets affected by temperature. You will notice that both bacterial growth and temperature are testable. In other words, the two variables are measurable. Another way to present your hypothesis would be to ask: Does temperature affect bacterial growth? Remember we said a hypothesis is either a statement or question.

No Hypothesis Statement in Qualitative Research – Usually

Hypothesis testing does not usually happen in qualitative research. Typically, qualitative research does not concern itself with hypothesis testing. It simply explores an area of study. Researchers can later use a quantitative approach to test the hypothesis or hypotheses.

You should present your hypothesis statement before you write your thesis statement. Don’t forget we are still at the thesis paper introduction stage. It might look like this article has taken quite a while guiding you on how to write a single part of your thesis. But remember: The introduction is the most important part of your thesis paper. Getting it wrong results in a failed paper that frustrates you in the end. You care about grades, don’t you?

Literature Review and Background information: Are They Part of the Introduction?

After you have written your introduction, you can now proceed to the literature review writing section. The social and hard sciences prefer to have researchers separate the background or literature review and the introduction. Humanities students usually present their literature review or background information as part of the introduction.

No hard and fast rules guide how you are supposed to present these sections. Also, there is no widely accepted convention as to whether your paper should have either literature review or background information or both. It is best to ask your academic advisor for clarifications on how to treat the introduction, background, and literature review.

Writing Effective Thesis: Background Chapter

Let’s assume your paper will have a separate background information chapter. What content do you include there? Use this space to present pre-requisite information critical to the understanding of your thesis paper. It should not be lengthy. After all, you are writing for people with at least a rudimentary knowledge regarding your area. Describe the historical developments that led you to your research questions or thesis. Clarify key terms and describe the scope of your area. Will you be relying on disciplines other than yours? Tell the reader about the aspects of those disciplines you will include.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: Literature Review Chapter

You have reviewed a ton of relevant material from various sources and developed specific ideas. The literature review chapter organizes your ideas into a conceptual structure from which the body of your thesis grows. Here, you should organize and link ideas together. Your intended audience should be able to see how the ideas interact as well as their relative importance. What fundamental concepts, theories, and models have you derived from your sources analysis? What are the counterarguments? Which ideas support the main ones?

At this point, you have collected various sources of reliable data. You need to have used primary sources — usually peer-reviewed journal articles and books. If you cannot find these in your school’s library, use online databases like ProQuest. Essentially, this chapter focuses less on presenting “literature” and more on analysis of existing knowledge. It identifies a knowledge gap and tells the reader why addressing that information gap matters.

Citations and Formatting

You must not write a single claim that you cannot support using credible evidence. Your preferred editorial style guides how you format your paper, write in-text citations, references, or bibliography page. Whether you are using APA, MLA, OSCOLA, Chicago, Harvard, or any other style, be sure you can correctly apply it. You can use reliable resources like Purdue Online Writing Lab to learn how to format your thesis paper and write citations. Needless to say, your work must not have plagiarism issues. Use any appropriate software package to ensure your document is authentic. Failure to do that can have others accuse you of academic dishonesty.

Writing Effective Thesis Paper: Methodology Chapter

The method chapter of your thesis presents a description of the precise steps you took to address the hypothesis or research question. Its purpose is to help even the most “naïve” reader replicate your study. Fundamentally, this chapter attempts to establish links between your research problem, method, and findings.

Qualitative studies are somewhat unstructured. However, you must not avoid being as detailed and specific as you would be in a quantitative study. You must describe your sample and how you solicited participants. If the participants are not people, you can use the term “subjects.” Additionally, the reader needs to know which instruments or tools you used. Did you use questionnaires, extended interviews, behavioral observations, or archival data? Also, describe how you selected the research materials relied on. Explain the procedures followed, too.

Do Not Merely Restate the Problem or Present the Literature Review Again

Most people tend to restate the problem and re-present the literature review in this section. Understand that the method chapter is supposed to describe the directions for carrying out a piece of research. If your study is quantitative, you must include a data analysis section that clearly outlines your procedure(s). Where you have used specialized equipment, tell the reader about the nature and type of such equipment. In that case, you may have to include an apparatus section.

Admittedly, though, a quantitative study can be a little more challenging than a qualitative one.Always use the past tense when writing the method section and the rest of the thesis.

Writing Effective Thesis: Results/Findings Section

Use figures and text to present your findings. The results section presents the facts of your research. Also, comment on the significance of your study’s key findings. Sometimes you can combine the results section with the discussion section. You can choose to have them under the same heading. Check with your advisor regarding the treatment of these two sections.

Writing Effective Thesis: Discussion

At this point, you have thought through your research findings and know what they mean. So, explain what they mean. The discussion section allows you to interpret your results for the benefit of readers. It also describes the results you expected and those you did not expect. Additionally, you must explain every unexpected result. Most importantly, your discussion section relates your specific findings to previous theory or research. At this point, state the limitations of your study. Also, comment on any research questions you did not answer. Essentially, tell the reader whether or not you proved your hypothesis.

Writing Effective Thesis: Conclusion Chapter

Take care how you write this section. It is as important as your introduction. Strive to craft it in a way that makes a strong impression on the reader. Here, tell the reader whether you achieved the aims of your research. Focus on the most significant points or results, and present them concisely. Your conclusion needs to be in alignment with your introduction and body.

Do you feel that you can handle a thesis paper like the competent researcher and writer you are? What stops you from writing effective thesis paper? Nothing. Let the confidence you have gained drive out every trace of doubt and intimidation.

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Comparison Between US and UK Education Systems

Difference Between US and UK Education Systems

Are you an international student looking for scholarship in UK and USA and wondering which of the two countries you ought to choose for your studies? then we have answers for all your potential questions. When choosing your future college or university, it is imperative to consider a variety of factors and see if they match your expectations. Our academic essay writers have compiled a list of factors to choose from and gone further to compare the factors in US and UK education systems.

The United Kingdom and the United States combined are home to more than 100 of the world’s best institutions of higher learning. In these countries, a tradition of a high-quality college education has continued for years. In both countries, a culture that encourages intellectualism thrives. Additionally, these nations have some of the best research facilities worldwide. It is accurate to say that these countries offer the student an excellent learning environment. However, a few differences exist between the US and UK education systems.

This article explores those differences so that you are adequately informed when it comes the time to make your decision to enrol in a degree course. Below are some of the differences between American and British education systems:

Study Duration

The time it takes to clear your degree program is one of the most important differences between the US and UK education systems. Typically, a degree program in the U.S. takes one year longer to finish than a similar degree in the U.K. While it is possible to start your PhD program right after your undergraduate in both countries, most students in the United Kingdom will usually complete their master’s degree before proceeding to the doctorate level of study. The reason it takes less time to finish your program in the U.K. is that the coursework there is kind of more focused than in the U.S.

Academic Terms

Here is another aspect where the US and UK education systems slightly differ. In the United States, most schools have their terms starting around mid or late August. Some colleges, often those teaching the liberal arts, may start their term a little later. Typically, students take a long break commencing mid-December through mid-January, when the next semester begins. Please note that for universities using different calendars such as the quarter-based system or the trimester, the winter break usually starts when the Thanksgiving holidays come around, around the end of November.

In the United Kingdom, the academic term is somewhat varied. Most universities in this country apply the semester system. However, some colleges follow the trimester and the quarter systems. The majority of the schools start their programs in September or October and continue until May or June, giving the British system an academic year that is a little longer than its U.S. counterpart. That said, you can expect your particular university in the U.K. to use a different calendar.

Cost of Education

While cheap is not a permissible word when describing how much it costs to get a degree in either country, education costs more in the United States. The U.K. government put in place a fee regulation in 2012 that set a limit on how much fees schools could charge. The upper limit was set at 9,000 pounds or approximately 14,300 U.S dollars every academic year. If you are an international student, expect to pay more than the maximum figure already stated.

In the U.S, the government is not keen on controlling the fees colleges charge. That said, the U.S. differentiates between out-of-state and in-state tuition fees. Also, this government differentiates between public and private universities. It is these distinctions that determine how much tuition fee you end up paying.

Typically, public 2-year institutions charge an average annual tuition fee of approximately 3,000 dollars while private 4-year schools charge an average of 29,000 dollars. You need to know that some of these private 4-year colleges can set you back up to 50,000 dollars every year until you finish your degree program. The fees in both countries might look a little intimidating, but college students can get loans with favourable terms and interest rates through the study period.

Assignments and Grades

The American education system focuses more on breadth while the British system of education considers depth to be more important. Since the U.S school system is broad, you as a student can expect to be handling weekly or bi-weekly readings, many small writing projects, major research papers, and a lot of oral presentations for the duration of the course. In contrast, the British education system tends to be lecture-based, though there will be an occasional assignment.

In some cases, there will be no assignments. In this case, the university administers one final exam that determines your overall grade. In the U.S., the grades you earn in the plethora of assignments matter, and the grade you receive in the final examination forms a percentage of your overall grade.

Accommodation

Both countries have resident halls where students stay while studying. In the U.K., you are highly likely to have your bedroom. If you want to study in the U.S., expect to share your room with at least one more student. After the first year, a learner in the United States might have additional housing options such as private housing or off-campus housing. The U.S. offers a range of full dining options while maid service is a common feature in U.K. college residence halls. The U.K. students pay a fee for the maid service.

Which Is Better :American Vs British Education System

You will get an excellent education whether you choose the American or the British education system. US and UK education systems have a somewhat different approach to learning, so it is up to you to decide what you want — breadth or depth. It will take you more time to study in one country as opposed to earning your degree in the other. Finally, there are cost differences to consider. With all this information, you are fully equipped to make a sound decision.

Expert Writing Help Offers British And American Homework Help

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AI: Future Of Accounting Profession

Impact Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) And Machine Learning On The Future of Accounting Profession.

Are you studying or intend to pursue accounting in college or university? you may be wondering what is the future of Accounting profession and the future outlook of accountancy given the recent disruptions being witnessed in various professions and occupations. Advancement in artificial intelligent system has, in some cases, outdone human efforts or better matched cognitive intelligence, as a result, most tasks that require military precision are being undertaken by these powerful systems. Most people are fearing that time will come when most business functions will be undertaken by AI systems, rendering accountant jobless. Artificial intelligence and block chain poise a threat to the traditional functions of an accountant such as book keeping and auditing. Automating of repetitive functions such as book keeping and validation of the input may render auditing functions obsolete. However, it does not mean the end to accountants. Most human resource practitioners foresee exciting times for the future of accounting profession. They do not anticipate robots taking over the human functions played by accountants. The future of accounting profession will largely harness computing power, therefore, future accountants need to change their mindsets and develop high computing skills to complement the work of AI systems.

The relentless progress that technology has shown is undeniable, whether you are a millennial, an iGeneration or even a laggard, one cannot deny the fact that we live in a time of technological marvels that seem to follow the footprint of Moore’s Law (1965). There are already elements of artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning, seen in our daily life today. Siri and Google are excellent illustrations of digital supporters that provide tailored services based on attributes learned about the user. Many have heard of the comparison made of Apollo 11 technological features to the smartphones available in the market today. Moreover, it is said there is more computing power on an iPhone than there was on the 1969 Apollo 11 mission to the moon or the Deep Blue supercomputer had in 1997.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as “the capacity of machines and software to exhibit or imitate a sense of cognitive intelligence”. It is training machines to make human-like decisions and perform smart tasks that usually require human intelligence. Competencies presently branded as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems such as chess, autonomous cars, military simulations, and interpreting complex data. AI developers have managed to fashion applications that can expand human performance, automate complex processes, and simulate human engagement to progressively sophisticated levels. The current interest in AI has been driven by a trifecta of developments in machine learning techniques, data availability and continued acceleration in computer processing.

According to Arthur Samuel, an inventor in the field of AI who coined the term ‘machine learning’ in 1959, machine learning offers computers the capability of learning without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning is a “field of computer science that is considered the leading edge in artificial intelligence (AI) giving computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed”. It’s a subset of AI where machines use neural networks designed to function the same way as a human brain. The algorithms can process and analyze data from various sources around the world to predict outcomes and learn from successes and failures, recognize patterns, make connections, and classify it by the elements it contains.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence On The Future Of Accounting Profession

Given that AI and machine learning systems are fueling the technology we use in our homes, workplaces and entertainment centers, it is no surprise that accounting technology companies are testing with and employing them in their platforms. Accounting technology firms such as Xero and its rivals have been applying machine learning principles to wipe out challenges many small non-accounting-savvy business owners face. There are limitless rewards experienced by companies who are using these systems that have caused shock waves in the accounting society. Such benefits are as follows;

Future of Accounting Profession: Clearing Invoices Payment

Nowadays, accounts receivable or treasury clerks struggle to clear invoice payments when customers’ pool invoices in one expense, pay incorrect amounts or do not include invoice numbers with their payment. To clear the invoice, an accountant either has to physically add up several invoices that might coincide the payment amount or contact the customer to clarify some data. In the case of a short payment, the accountant either has to ask for approvals to accept the quick payments or request the remaining amount from the customer.

An intelligent system could support this task by promptly suggesting invoices that might match the paid amount and, based on established thresholds, spontaneously clear the minor payments or automatically generate a delta invoice.

Future of Accounting Profession: Expense Claim Auditing

Another transactional finance task that could benefit from AI-enhanced automation is expense claim auditing. Machines could learn a company’s payment policy, read receipts and audit overhead claims to ensure compliance and only detect and forward questionable claims to relevant employees for authorization. Rather than exclude the human workforce in accounting firms, the accountants will have new colleagues (machines) who will work in tandem with them to deliver more efficient and effective services to customers. This move will free up hours in the day for accountants to accomplish more vigorous analytics on the outputs of the system. Taking advantage of AI will enable accounting, audit, and compliance sectors to scrutinize significant amounts of data, and supply more analysis and insight as a part of their job description.

Future of Accounting Profession: Determining bonus accruals

Deploying AI solutions, firms could leave this calculation to a machine that uses all existing system data and predictive analytics abilities to come up with an unprejudiced accumulation. Furthermore, this would give accounting teams more time during the closing process for undertakings that require human intervention.

Future of Accounting Profession: Automating Approval Workflows

Today, approval workflows are mostly based on two-dimensional matrices that list various conditions based on which approval levels are triggered. Intelligent workflows could let finance players differentiate and sieve out the specific exemptions from the standard low-risk exception, that is usually accepted anyway. This way, accountants do not need to wait for approvals and feel empowered, while still limiting the risk for the organization.

Future of Accounting Profession: Machines as Financial Guardians

All industries require professionals who act in both financial and legal aspects and shoulder significant financial onus. They are usually very skilled and experienced employees, but being human, they are therefore prone to misconceptions, biases and other human errors. Machines and computers with sophisticated AI capabilities can someday take over such financial roles as they are not inclined to such human mistakes and become more efficient fiduciaries than their human counterparts.

This aspect of AI implementation is highly attractive for public trust funds like medical research, parks, educational institutes, etc., by ensuring long-term continuity and adherence to the original mandates.

Future of Accounting Profession: Analytics calculation

Accounting software is adapting and becoming smarter as time goes by, it is executing jobs that previously required human intervention. Tedious, labor-intensive, and mind-numbing tasks are being eliminated by machines through the art of restructuring operations thereby saving time, money and increasing efficiency.

Due to advancements in gathering and processing data skills; administrative capabilities, accounts payable and accounts receivable roles, learning how to organize different types of information through machine learning are becoming infiltrated by AI.

Future of Accounting Profession: Data analysis

Though companies employ large teams of accountants who work overtime to meet a deadline and finalize audits, the massive amount of transactions that pass through firms limits the quantity and quality of transactions that auditors can inspect by hand. Presently, auditors only study a select sample of transactions.

In a report by PWC, the future of auditors is seen to be bright as they will be able to audit 100% of firms’ financial transactions. Machine learning patterns will be able to process and review the data, recognize irregularities and come up with a list of outliers for auditors to check. Therefore, instead of spending most of their time checking data, auditors will be able to apply their abilities in examining and inferring the reason behind a pattern or anomaly.

Future of Accounting Profession: Risk assessment

In assessing economic proposals for services projects, finance teams are tasked with evaluating projects individually based on the customer characteristics, such as maturity, industry, size, current system landscape, the complexity of the products to be implemented and so on. To make this assessment, the team often relies on the top managers of the finance department who possess experience in similar projects. This comprehensive evaluation is not only unbearable for any finance team to do on such a large scale and guarded timeline, but the final decisions are limited by these individuals’ perspectives.

Machine learning could assist in the simplification of risk assessment mapping by pulling data from every project a company had ever finalized to compare it to a recommended project. Using this data, the team could then map the proposed plan against all historical projects and come up with a better-informed risk assessment. This could, in turn, allow finance managers to provide a better offer to customers using a lower risk uplift, or ensure that there is enough cover in case the risk is high. This capability could significantly increase the company’s revenue and margin.

Future of Accounting Profession: Bank reconciliation

A bank reconciliation is a practice corresponding the balances in a firm’s accounting records for a cash account to the corresponding data on a bank statement. Machines can learn how to automate bank reconciliations completely. AI and machine learning technology pick up from previous allocations and account choices and then makes the right recommendations for new bank transactions. As accounting companies and branches begin to rely significantly on machines to do the heavy lifting of calculating, reconciliations and responding to inquiries on balances and verifying information, auditors and bookkeepers will be able to not only deliver more value but handle more clients than ever before.

Future of Accounting Profession: Transforming the finance role

The primary objective of many chief financial officer (C.F.O.) is to leverage technologies that will positively impact jobs and finance. For this to happen, the skills required of those in the finance and accountancy function will have to change drastically. Transactional jobs will become less critical, while business partnering, cross-functional knowledge, and tech savvyness will become more critical. Furthermore, these systems must be built, maintained and integrated into existing operational systems and processes. Although the resources required for these transactional tasks will be fewer, the fast-changing business models driven by digitization will need additional financial resources to be developed and supported. Many other functions besides finance, including HR, procurement and legal, will be equally affected. The best thing leaders can do to prepare for the impact of machine learning, and artificial intelligence technologies are to strive to develop a learning culture, so employees can stay ahead of what is coming. Now is the time for CFOs to educate and prepare themselves on this topic, so they can lead their teams in adapting when the time is right.

Advanced Technology: How It Is Impacting The Future Of Accounting Profession

There is no contrast that artificial intelligence systems are not only a dominant force in the market but are refining quickly. They provide outputs that can be exceedingly accurate, replacing and, in some cases, far superseding human efforts. Nonetheless, they do not replicate human intelligence.

Accountants hold some strengths over AI; their ingenuity, critical thinking, decision-making skills and most importantly the power of building trust and relationships with clients. With the introduction of AI systems in every corner, accountants must pivot away from the business of crunching numbers and instead focus, more so than ever before, on using AI to develop a deep understanding of how the systems can solve accounting and business problems. Instead of hopelessly trying to outdo machines, they should empower themselves by utilizing these machines to market themselves as visionaries to their clients and company.

Accountants must inevitably come to terms with the exceptional potential of machine automation. Artificial intelligence won’t wipe out accountants, but rather revolutionize how they work. To form a positive vision of the future, accountants must take their fate into their own hands, instead of waiting for it to be imposed on them by robots. It is imperative for accountants to recognize AI as a business enhancement tool rather than a direct competitor and to apply the strengths and limits of the different form of intelligence towards building an understanding of the best ways for individuals and computers to work together.

As much as accountants have been using technology for many years to accelerate what they do and delivered more value to companies; the introduction of AI systems into the market should be seen as a blessing and an opportunity to improve on turnaround time, job satisfaction and excellence, and investment choices. By focusing on their niche, training themselves on future technologies, mastering machine learning, and building a closer human relationships; a savvy accountant can come to possess the knowledge of experts regarding the same machines and ensure they remain relevant far into the unknown future.

Machine learning and artificial intelligence in accountancy functions are here to stay. As accounting firms embrace centralized systems; and pacesetters continue to make progress in the development of AI, these machines will only become unbeatable. That being said, AI will only pose a crippling threat to an accountant who cannot keep up with the changing time and welcome newly found technology advancements to exploit it to their advantage.

Future Of Accounting Profession: Skills To Learn

As most human resource practitioners and analysts predict the future of accounting is set for a revolution. It is, therefore, imperative for accounting students to enhance their computing, programming, data mining and data analysis skills in order to remain relevant in the future job marketplace.

We encourage all accounting students to enroll for courses in emerging disciplines like python programming, data science and statistical data analysis to enable them fit in the future accounting profession market.

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Guide to Improve Grammar For ESL Students

Guide to Improve Grammar: What ESL Student Should Learn

Learning a new language has its benefits, but it can be quite hard. Things get harder when the language in question happens to be English. If you are an international student studying a degree in an English speaking country such as the U.S. or the United Kingdom, you have no choice but to become proficient in this language. Follow this guide to improve grammar within the shortest time possible, and reap fruits of being proficient in the language

When learning any new language, you will find words spelt in ways that leave you confused and wondering if you will ever learn. Also, there are a lot of grammar rules that might appear somewhat illogical; rules that are unlike anything you have seen in your native language. Take heart; you are not the only one. Even native speakers find themselves needing someone to explain something whenever they feel a little confused.

Guide To Improve Grammar: Reasons To Learn English

Why learn English when there are so many languages in the world from which to choose? Having a better understanding of this language will help you communicate with and make new friends in school, at work, and elsewhere. Additionally, mastering the Queen’s language can open more doors in education. In fact, learning English has been known to improve one’s career prospects. The opportunities that await you are endless, and with determination, you should be speaking English fluently soon.

To learn English as an ESL student, you will need to study various core topics. You must practice grammar, English vocabulary, spelling and reading, listening, writing, and a lot of common English phrases. You will need to learn a bit of slang if you desire to learn how to use this language in different settings. Some of the topics will empower you when it comes to writing academic papers or business communications. Others will stand you in good stead during person-to-person conversations or when watching television.

Guide To Improve Grammar: Steps To Improve Grammar For ESL

Learn grammar rules

You must resolve to master all the rules of English grammar as an ESL student. Internalizing these rules develops in you an excellent understanding of proper English syntax. This understanding becomes more useful as you continue on your journey to becoming completely fluent.

There is nothing like a writer who lacks a crystal clear understanding of how grammar rules work. So if you will be writing in this language, you do not have much choice — you must master the rules.

Improving your comprehension and conversational skills is critical. When you practice reading, you incorporate all the technical rules of English as you strengthen your comprehension skills. You will develop a contextual understanding of words and sentence structure.

Engage in listening activities

Listening activities give you a clear understanding of how native speakers pronounce words. Additionally, listening offers you an opportunity to learn how grammatical sentences sound during normal conversation.

Learning English common phrases is another practical way of gaining fluency. This language has a thousand and one idiomatic sayings and slang that ESL students like you might find senseless and even downright illogical.

Start by learning the meaning of such idioms. The internet or the local library is an excellent place to start. Once you have grasped how natives use a specific figure of speech, start practising it in your daily conversations. You will surprise yourself how soon you will start sounding like a real native speaker. You will stop feeling awkward when having a conversation with such speakers.

Guide To Improve Grammar: Make Internet Your Friend

As already mentioned, the worldwide web is an incredible resource when it comes to learning English or any other subject. People no longer use dictionaries; they use their favourite browser to look up words they do not understand. What is more, they get to hear native speakers pronounce the words.

Make use of online videos, too. There are hundreds of online teachers who want to share with the world the joy of being able to speak fluent English. These trainers have taken their time to create incredible videos where they explain in simple language how to use idiomatic phrases, phrasal verbs, and most importantly, how to pronounce words in a sentence. One great thing about watching and listening is that you will retain a lot of the knowledge you gather from those YouTube lessons.

You can find a lot of ESL-focussed English lessons online. Such resources are created purposely for the benefit of ESL students. Most of these lessons are interesting and engaging and will help you understand a lot of useful English concepts. Additionally, these resources address all the mistakes people make when they are learning this language. They also provide tips on how a learner can avoid such errors and remember all the new language rules they have already learned.

Also, some games and puzzles can help you practice language skills. Playing these games is an interactive activity that tests how well you have mastered the grammar rules, punctuation, vocabulary, and spelling. You can find a lot of practical study guides that will help you improve your proficiency in English.

As you follow our guide to improve grammar, know that becoming proficient in English is a highly rewarding journey. Most of the big corporations and multinationals require their employees to be proficient in English. Similarly, top universities and colleges in the world teach their programs in English. Start it now and take your communication skills and career to the next level.

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Top Scholarship Programs: USA, UK, CA

Top Scholarship Programs in US, Canada & UK

Are you looking for a premier scholarship programs in the USA, UK or Canada? We have compiled a list of top scholarship programs in these countries to assist both international and local students easier access to these information. A scholarship is an award of financial aid given to eligible students to further their educational goals in undergraduate, postgraduate, Ph.D. and postdoctoral discipline. It is mostly granted based on various criteria which mirrors the values and purposes of the donor of the award. Unlike loans, scholarships exist due to the benevolent nature of donors or departments and thus do not need to be paid back. Scholarships are customarily handed out to assist in defraying the huge costs associated with schooling, books, boarding and other overheads directly tied to a student’s educational cost throughout the university.

Types of Scholarship Programs in USA, Canada & UK

There are different kinds of scholarships available in the US, UK, and Canada; the most common are government-based, non-government-based, student specific and university specific. The donor or department funding the scholarship are the ones that set the standards for beneficiary selection and specifically outlines how the money is to be used. Scholarship programs are typically awarded using a variety of factors, including – but not limited to, academic accomplishment, departmental and community participation, employment experience, areas of study, and financial need.

Top Governmental-Based Scholarship Programs in USA, UK and Canada

Like other scholarship programs, government scholarships are granted based on various benchmarks, which can range from financial needs usually determined by completing the (F.A.F.S.A.) Free Application for Federal Student Aid on the web to a scholar’s chosen major. Some state scholarships are granted by the student’s academic institution, while others are awarded by a government agency or an organization working in partnership with some branch of the government such as the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Transportation, and the National Oceanographic. These awards vary in amount and can range up to the full amount of a student’s tuition and fees, nonetheless it may or may not be renewable, depending on the award.]

Numerous government scholarship programs are designated specifically for students in high-need fields or students doing coursework relevant to a particular government agency’s mission. Several major-specific government scholarships feature either a fellowship/internship or an employment agreement with the awarding agency.

Top scholarship programs in USA

Fulbright Foreign Student Program – It is conceivably the most famous state-funded US scholarships for international scholars, Fulbright gives out scholarships to alumni students, young professionals, and artists to study in the US for one year or more and is open to international students in all areas exclusive of all medical studies.

Hubert Humphrey Fellowship Program – This scholarship program offers a package for qualified international specialists wishing to embark on a ten-month academic study in the US. Although the funding doesn’t support degree qualifications, students can study and develop their knowledge in universities across the nation.

Top scholarship programs in Canada

The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships program- This scholarship program offers taxable finance amount given of $ 70,000 for two years to the best postdoctoral contenders, both nationwide and worldwide, who will positively add to the country’s financial, communal and research-based growth.

Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master’s Program – These are scholarships worth $17,500 granted to Canadian students enrolled on a master’s degree or Ph.D. at a (CGS-M allocated) for 12 months, non-renewable.

Top scholarship programs in the United Kingdom

British Chevening Scholarships – These are international scholarship programs given to scholars with leadership potential from around the world to undertake postgraduate degree in any field or courses in UK universities. These scholarships are financially backed by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and partner organizations and mostly offer full or part finance for full-time graduate programs in any subject. Chevening offers two types of grants to recipients who are personally selected by British Embassies and High Commissions throughout the world; the Chevening Scholarships and Chevening Fellowships. To be eligible for these scholarships, the following must be considered.

Be a citizen of a Chevening-eligible nation
Return to ones country of citizenship for a minimum of two years after the grant has ended.
Have an undergraduate degree that will enable scholars to gain entry to a post-graduate programme at a UK university. This is typically equivalent to an upper second-class 2:1 Honours degree in the UK.
Have at least two years’ work experience

Commonwealth Scholarships for Developing Commonwealth Countries – These are scholarships for international students from unindustrialized countries in the Commonwealth who intend to study at the masters and Ph.D. level. These scholarships are funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), with the aim of contributing to the UK’s international development targets and wider overseas interests, supporting excellence in UK higher education, and sustaining the principles of the Commonwealth.

Commonwealth Shared Scholarship Scheme at UK Universities – These are UK scholarships for international students undertaking taught master’s programs in the UK. The programs studied must be evidently applicable to the growth of technology, economy or society from the student’s country of origin.

Top Non-governmental-based scholarship programs in USA, UK & Canada

Top Non-governmental-based scholarship programs in UK

Non-governmental UK scholarships are grants offered by benevolent private organizations and individuals with the aim of assisting individuals who are in need of assistance to further pursue their studies in the university levels. Examples of such scholarships available for international students are as follows;

Euraxess UK – Euraxess is the ingenuity of the European Commission which offers assistance for academic researchers all over Europe. The UK division of the organization is run by the British Council and provides numerous research scholarships for international students from around the globe.

CastleSmart Scholarship – CastleSmart scholarships are offered £6,000 yearly to undergraduate scholars of all nationalities in the UK. Applicants of the scholarship are mandated to make a convincing YouTube video outlining their study and occupation plans.

For African scholars:

Aga Khan Foundation Scholarship Programme – These are need-based UK scholarships for international students from the African continent.

Tullow Group Scholarships Scheme – These are scholarships granted to students from chosen nations in Africa and South America. The scholarships include payment of; full tuition bills, monthly wage, transport costs and other fees.

For Armenian students:

The Luys Scholarship Program – These are awards loans or scholarships given to Armenian students to enable them to study at the world’s best universities, comprising of UK universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

For Chinese students:

England China Center Chinese Student Awards – These are awards of up to UK£3,000 accessible to Chinese residents (plus those from Hong Kong) studying for a Ph.D. in any subject at a UK university.

For French scholars:

Entente Cordiale Scholarships – These are scholarships given to French students pursuing postgraduate studies in the UK.

For Indian students:

Charles Wallace India Trust Scholarships – These are UK scholarships granted to doctoral students, research students and visiting comrades from India.

Goa Education Trust Scholarships – These are UK scholarships given to Goan students who are embarking on postgraduate studies in the UK in any field.

Saltire Scholarships – Scholarships for students from Canada, the US, India, and China to study in Scotland at any degree level.

For Pakistani students:

Charles Wallace Pakistan Trust Scholarships – These are UK charity offering scholarships given to Pakistani doctoral students, graduate researchers or visiting fellows to study in the UK.

Top non-governmental scholarship progams in Canada

Anne Vallee Ecological Fund– These are scholarships for international students undertaking animal research at the doctoral level at a credited Canadian university in Québec or British Columbia.

Trudeau Scholarships and Fellowships – The Trudeau Foundation offers some grants, partnerships, and mentorships to international scholars at doctoral level undertaking study in Canada at selected institutions.

Top non-governmental US scholarships programs for international students

Abbey Road Summer Scholarships – these are US scholarships worth US$1,000 for language and art scholars, as well as US$500 fellowships for ‘summer enrichment’ at establishments within the country.

The Next Gen Scholarship Fund –These are scholarships worth US$1,000 offered to non-residents and international students to study in the US. Applicants are however required to have at least a 3.0 GPA (grade point average) and have signed up for a program at an accredited campus within Washington DC, Maryland or Virginia.

Tortuga Backpacks Study Abroad Scholarship – These are grants worth US$1,000 awarded twice annually to zealous international students to study in the US.

David P. Shapiro Annual Leukemia Scholarships – These are scholarships given annually twice each worth US$1,000 which are open to current or potential students diagnosed with leukemia in the US.

For Asian students:

East-West Center Scholarships and Fellowships – These are scholarships given to international students from the Asia-Pacific region to study in the US within particular universities.

Japan-United States Friendship Commission – This is an initiative run by Japan and the US which offers grant programs to Japanese scholars desiring to study in the US (and vice versa).

For female students:

AAUW International Fellowships – These are fellowships provided by the American Association of University Women for female international students wishing to study in the US.

MIT-Zaragoza Women in Logistics and SCM Scholarship – These are US scholarships for female students of any age, ethnicity or nationality to enable them to study at the Zaragoza Logistics Center at MIT.

For graduate students:

Rotary Peace Fellowships – These are scholarships to study in the US given to master’s degree students learning in one of Rotary’s ‘Peace Centers.’ Examples of such a center are Duke University or the North Carolina University.

For students from developing countries:

Aga Khan Foundation International Scholarship Programme – These are scholarships given to postgraduate international scholars coming from nations in the African continent.

Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders – These are scholarships for African granted to students between the ages of 25 and 35 who come from sub-Saharan African countries with the desire to study in the US and attain leadership and business expertise.

MasterCard Foundation Scholarships – These are scholarships for African students to study both in the US and Africa.

Student-specific Scholarships

These are scholarships whereby applicants must primarily be qualified by gender, race, religion, family, and health history or many other student-specific features. Minority scholarships such as these are considered the most common awards in this class. Examples of such scholarships include;

The Gates Millennium Scholars program

This is a program sponsored by Bill and Melinda Gates for exceptional African American, American Indian, Latino and Asian Pacific Islander American students who register in college. GMS scholars who choose to pursue graduate studies in the areas of education, engineering, library science, mathematics; public health and science are qualified to obtain continual funding. The program also offers leadership development opportunities, to ensure that scholar’s graduate equipped to become prominent leaders in their careers and in their society as a whole.

To be eligible for these scholarships, the following must be considered;

Candidates for the GMS award must be citizens or legal permanent residents of the United States.
Students must also meet the Government Pell Grant eligibility criteria, have at least a 3.3 GPA (on a 4.0 scale), and must have demonstrated leadership through community service or other extracurricular activities.

Individuals selected as Gates Scholars are entitled to receive funds in an amount to be determined by GMS based on financial need. The award is built on the total tuition fees, books and living expenditures for the educational year, as well as the accessibility of grants and other scholarships stated on the financial aid award letter

Top University-Specific Scholarship Programs

These are college-specific scholarships that are offered by individual colleges and universities to exceedingly qualified applicants. These scholarships are given to academic and personal achievers. Recipients may also be required to work for a particular employer for a specified period or to work in rural or remote areas; or else, they may be needed to reimburse the value of the funding they received from the scholarship.

In Canada, for example, Carleton University Awards for International Students is an excellent example of universities that offer all forms of scholarships such as national entrance scholarship that range for $2000 for new masters’ students and $3000 for new Ph.D. students. A one-year national entrance admission scholarship may be awarded to freshly admit domestic graduate students (Canadian inhabitants, permanent residents, landed immigrants).

For one to be considered for a scholarship, applicants are required an admission 10.5 GPA of or higher and must register full-time at Carleton for the period of the scholarship. This thereby means that candidates will be evaluated for suitability at the time of admission and thus do not need to apply. This offer of the scholarship will be made at the date of entry and will be billed over the first fall and winter terms of study.

In Conclusion, even though students can apply for scholarship programs every day of the year, it does not automatically imply that they will receive funding instantly. Commonly, most scholarship providers take anywhere from six to 12 weeks to appraisal applications, select recipients, and disburse grants which happen after the closing date has expired and not from the date one submitted their application.

The selection process can even be extended, particularly if scholars do not provide credentials on a timely basis. So, if one is in need of money to pay their college tuition fees, they will probably not find a scholarship that is going to help them out. This is because there is simply not enough time to be granted one. Nonetheless, one can look on the bright side as they’ll have scholarships lined up for next semester.

As a result, it is imperative for a student to not wait until the last minute to figure out how they’re are going to pay for their college tuition. Very few students earn enough scholarships to cover all their bills, so one should be smart and consider all options available. Looking into state grants and work-study programs, getting a part-time job, and not taking out more in student loans than is expected to be earned in the first year after college graduation are some of the tips one can utilize in the search. After all, a little work now can pay off big dividends later.

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Professional Literature Review Paper Writing Guide

The Key Steps To Follow When Writing Professional Literature Review Paper

Writing professional literature review paper is often a daunting part of writing a thesis or dissertation. This article provides a research and writing guide to assist students to write one of the essential and yet, for a majority, the most complicated piece of academic writing project and gives them a better understanding of what a literature review is, what it does, and how to go about doing it. Not all the times do students have the luxury of seeking literature review writing services for their papers. It is worthwhile to understand how to write professional literature review paper for your dissertation, MBA capstone projects or research paper.

Definition of literature review

A literature review is a written overview of major writings and other sources on a selected topic. It is a summary of a complete and current state of knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic as found in academic books and journal articles. It is usually presented as a distinct section of a graduate thesis or dissertation.

Depending on a student’s areas of specialization, a literature review can take various forms: argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical reviews.

Argumentative review aims to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. It is written to examine literature selectively to support or refute an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical problem already set up in the literature.
Integrative review is composed of examinations and critical analysis on a given topic to introduce a need for new research. It is considered a form of investigation that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes the representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research regarding clarify, rigor and replication.
Historical review focuses and assesses all the historical records throughout a period, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The primary purpose of a historical review is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future studies.
The methodologically review provides a framework that enables researchers to draw on a variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis. It helps highlight many ethical issues which students should be aware of and considerate as they go through their study.

The systematic review consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form.
The theoretical review concretely examines the corpus of theory that has accumulated regarding an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review help establishes what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing methods have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. This unit of analysis is often used to help establish a lack of relevant theories or reveal that current approaches are inadequate for explaining new and emerging research problems.

Importance of Writing Professional Literature Review

A literature review as a study requires not only scholarly but professional maturity as it shows a writer’s grasp of the field, but the procedural sophistication utilized in appraising others’ research, and the breadth and depth of their reading and understanding. There are many reasons as to why a professional literature review paper is regarded a core component of any scientific study. These include but not limited to the following:

It acts as a stepping stone towards the achievement of research objectives as it emphasizes on the credibility of the writer in his or her field.
It provides a solid background to back a person’s investigation by analyzing the existing literature and giving justification to the discussion of findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This allows one to demonstrate how his/her research is linked to previous efforts and how it extends to build on a better understanding.
Helps to avoid duplication, identify the gaps in other studies with the goal of filling them, borrow from the research design and methodology used to investigate that particular problem and to interpret one’s findings.
It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in new areas by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original studies in that particular field.

Components of an professionally written literature review

According to our team of professional literature review paper writers, an effective literature review chapter should include the following elements:

Objective of the literature review
Overview of the subject under consideration
Clear categorization of sources selected into those in support one’s particular position, those opposed and those offering completely different arguments
Discussion of both the distinctiveness and similarities of each source

Guidelines: How To Write Professional Literature Review Paper

Preparation of a literature review may be divided into the following steps:

Define the subject and scope of the review

A well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review. It is important for the topic not only to be interesting to the writer but to have an important aspect of the field and well defined so as to ensure that many readers are interested in the review and enough material is available to write it.

Select databases

The library catalog, subject-specific databases, and other search tools are useful to every writer in finding sources that are relevant to the topic chosen. It is important to read and evaluate the sources to determine their suitability to the understanding of the subject at hand. Review abstracts, articles, bibliographies and references of research studies to locate vital information for consideration.

Conduct Search for literature

Skim the contents of available article, book and abstract to find the claims, conclusions, and findings of the constructs one is investigating; definitions of terms; calls for follow-up studies relevant to the project; gaps noticed in the literature and disagreements about the constructs examined.

Review the literature

Analyze, interpret and discuss the findings and conclusions of the sources selected. It is important in writing the literature review for the writer not only to summarize the prior research but to critically examine the research related to the chosen topic then present a perspective on the research as a means for establishing his/her credibility as a scholar.

About the author

The author this blog post on how to write professional literature review chapter is a proven writer with vast experience in research and writing. He has several years of experience in offering help with economics literature review chapter to British, American and Australian students.

Guide to writing APA literature review

How to Improve Memory of Learners

How to Improve Memory of Learners Through Proper Nutrition

Are you a teacher and would like to improve memory of learners? or are you a student struggling with memory lapses? If yes, most likely you have been taking poor diet. Studying is an activity that utilizes both mental and physical strength. Lack of energy as a result of poor diet more often lead to loss of memory, fatigue and lethargy contributing to poor academic performance. Studies show that schools with quality nutrition meal plans report enhanced student learning due to improve memory of learners . It is evident that some foods tend to be good for your brains. Super foods and certain foods increase mental performance, improve memory and cognitive functions, as a result your concentration levels in school improve and content retention is enhanced. This leads to better academic performance in class.

Top 10 Proper Nutrition and Food to Improve Memory of Learners

Students require to be always mentally active and alert in order to quickly acquire and synthesis information. Proper nutrition play a key role in boosting brain power and memory functions. Thus, our biology essay paper writers were encouraged to research and round up ten brain boosting foods that learners should eat and feed both the brain and body. With a mixture of fruits, oils, chocolate, and vegetables, there must be something everyone will love. We encourage school administration to incorporate some of the foods in their dietary plan to improve memory of learners.

Avocados

This is one of the healthiest fruits available. Even though avocados have always got a bad reputation due to their high-fat content, it is important to bear in mind that these green avocados are packed with mono-saturated fats that help maintain your blood sugar at a lower level and also helping your skin glow.

These fruits contain both vitamin K and folate that helps in preventing a blood clot in the brain which in turn protects your body against stroke. These vitamins also assist in improving the cognitive function, both concentration, and memory.

These green powerhouses are also rich in vitamin B, and vitamin C. notes that your body has no capability to store these minerals and they must be replenished daily. On top of that, Avocados have the highest protein and lowest sugar content than any other fruit. Note that their creamy texture makes them a perfect supplement to smoothies and a replacement for fats in baked foods.

Beets

You will be surprised to know that Beets are one of the most nutritious root vegetables you can ever eat. Beets are good for reducing inflammation, help in removing toxins from your blood and they have high cancer-protecting antioxidants content. The natural nitrates contained in these root vegetables play a great role in boosting the blood flow to the brain which helps boost your mental performance. Also, when doing tough exercise, beets will help in enhancing energy and performance levels.

Blueberries

Indeed marvelous things are presented in small packages, and this is true with blue barriers. Blueberries have great health benefits, and they have a natural candy taste. To start with, blueberries are rich in antioxidants such as fiber, vitamin K, and vitamin C. since they have high level of gallic acid, these fruits are ideal for protecting your brain from disintegration and stress. You can have your daily dosage of brain berries in omega blueberry smoothie or pumpkin blueberry pancakes.

Bone broth

This is the ultimate food for curing your gut and also healing your brain. Bone broth is an ancient food that has numerous health benefits including, they boost the immune system, help in overcoming leaky gut, help to overcome food allergies and improve the health of your joints.

They have high collagen content that helps in reducing intestinal inflammation, and healing of amino acids to keep your immune system to function well and contribute to boosting your memory. The majority of doctors will prescribe bone broth to their patients since they assist your body heal from inside out.

Broccoli

Broccoli is among the best brain booster foods that God gave to mankind. This is because their vitamin K and choline content is high and this helps in keeping your memory sharp. It also contains vitamin C such that one glass will offer you with 150 percent of your prescribed daily intake. It has high fiber content meaning that you will feel satisfied quickly.

Celery

This is one of the vegetable foods that has few calories, and for that reason, it provided a lot of health benefits. It is rich in antioxidants whereby polysaccharides act as a natural anti-inflammatory and can play a great role in alleviating signs associated with inflammation such as irritable bowel syndrome and joint pain.

For the reason that its nutrient dense nature, having lots of vitamins and nutrients with few calories, celery is the perfect alternative if you want to lose some weight. While consuming the celery stalks, don’t skip its leaves and seeds since they both provide additional health benefits and they also have great taste in things such as soups and fries.

Coconut oil

It is evident that coconut oil is the most versatile foods you can ever get. With numerous coconut oil cures and uses, there is nothing that coconut oil can’t do. And the oil is also beneficial to the health of your brain. They act as a natural anti-inflammatory, destroying cells that cause inflammation. The coconut plays a great role in preventing memory loss as you age and suppress harmful bacteria that found in your gut.

Dark chocolate

Note all chocolates are created differently and because of that, dark chocolate is the best option for you. Dark chocolate is loaded with flavanols that are comprised of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. They also play a great role in lowering your blood pressure and improving blood flow to both the brain and heart. To get the best results, just avoid milk and white chocolate and go for a minimally processed dark chocolate that has more than 70 percent cocoa.

Egg yolks

Egg yolks are rich in choline that is responsible for fetal brain growth for expectant mothers. The choline also helps in breaking down bethene, a substance that produces hormones that make you feel happy. If you have been avoiding to eat eggs because of cholesterol issues, here is the good news. Research has revealed that consuming eggs has no negative impact on the cholesterol level of healthy people and at times it can help in raising good cholesterol levels.

Besides, eggs are one of the cheapest sources of protein available. All you need to do is make sure that you buy organic free-range eggs.

Green leafy vegetables

According to the recent studies, regular consumption of green leafy brain foods such as kales, Swiss chard, and romaine lettuce can help in keeping dementia away. In the research, which assessed the eating behaviors and mental capability of above 950 adults for five years. The study showed that those adults that consumed a serving of leafy vegetables twice a day encountered slower mental deterioration that the ones who ate none. The same results were achieved even when the factors such as age, education and family history of dementia were considered.

Green leafy veggies also contain vitamin A and K that play a vital role in fighting inflammation and keeping the bones strong.

After much research, our biology essay paper writers compiled a list of foods and superfoods to improve memory of learners. Besides reading, the article will be of help to students of nursing, medicine, sports science and nutrition and dietetics.

How to Code and Enter Data in SPSS

Data analysis involves running raw data in a statistical program to obtain results. Analysis can only be done after you code and enter data in SPSS.

Statistical methods such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics aid a researcher understand data patterns. Normally statisticians use SPSS, SaS, STATA, S-Plus, R GUI and MS EXCEL to conduct statistical and mathematical analysis. The selection of a package depends on familiarity and simplicity of a program to the user.

SPSS stands for Statistical Package for Social Scientists; the package is mostly used by non-statisticians due to its simplicity. It has a graphical user interface that makes it friendly to users with little programming language. This is unlike other packages like R and SaS that are command oriented and require users to be conversant with statistical equations modeling. Before running analysis using SPSS a user need learn how to code and enter data in SPSS system

In SPSS, the first step involves defining the names and inherent traits of the variable. This is followed by entering values into each defined variable. Each row and column represents source of data and characteristics of the measured data respectively. In case, you wish to add variables after entering data, you just need to define new variables in the variable view. Go to variable view, click an empty row and start defining variables as stated below.

Code and Enter Data in SPSS Like an Expert

Before you run an analysis in SPSS, you will be required to code and enter data in SPSS. The process is so simple that you can do it within 10 minutes even for large data-sets.The process of coding data is described below:

Go to variable view, click an empty row and start defining variables as stated below.

Name: SPSS requires that each variable to be unique, and contain a maximum of 8 characters.
Type: There are eight types of variables to be found in SPSS that include numeric, comma, dot, scientific notation, date, dollar, custom curency and string. To select variable type, click in the cell on the grey box.
Width: This refers to the number of characters to be inputted for the variable.
Decimals: This is the number of decimal places to be displayed by the program
Label: This is a string of text that explains in details what a variable represents. You can enter a maximum of 255 characters containing spaces and punctuation marks.
Values: In case of categorical data, you need to specify which numbers represent which category. For example when coding gender in SPSS you can let 1 represent male and 2 represent female. This can be seen in the data view by clicking the toe tag icon. On clicking the tag it switched between numeric values and their labels.
Missing: This entry in the variable view signals to the program that data is missing. You need to assign figures to be missing values. Like by assigning 9,99 and 999 as discrete missing vales. SPSS would treat these figures as missing and ignore the values.
Measure: This property indicates level of measurement of data source. The three measure properties include scale, ordinal and nominal. Interval and ratio levels of measurement are grouped as scale measures.

Once you are done with coding data, you can enter data values in the data view screen. This will be followed by data analysis depending on what you wish to achieve.

Code and Enter Data in SPSS To Begin Statistical Analysis

There are two types of analysis namely descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis seeks to study frequency and features exhibited by the data.

The most common descriptive statistical methods include measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion. These statistical measures are presented in the form of frequency tables, pie charts, histograms and boxplots. These tables and charts summarize data and scale variables.

Inferential analysis goes further to study how variables in a data set relate with each other and forecasting outcome. Survival analysis, modeling, regression, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, time series and categorical tests are some of the inferential statistical methods. Besides researchers, inferential statistical analysis are widely being used by data scientists in studying data patterns and predicting future outcomes.

In case you are any problems, get in expert data analysis help in SPSS from our SPSS experts online.

Data Science: is it a Distinct Field?

Data Science: Harnessing Computing Power to Redefine Statistics

Few years ago, data science was an obscure term to many, even to those who work with data. A probable response would be “that’s statistics”. Fast forward to 2015 and everyone is talking about the new kid called data science. Whether it is a buzzword or the latest discipline we all agree it is the hottest thing at the moment. Glass door earlier this year named data scientist as the top job of 2016. The demand for data scientists is expected to see 1700 job openings and a lofty average pay of $116k this year. No wonder, the Harvard Review refer data science as the “sexiest job of the 21st century“.

The moment the term data science is mentioned, most of us think of statistics. So, what makes data science different from statistics? Or is it a spruced term that refers to statistics? Thinking data science as a related field of statistics is quite right. According to the American Statistical Association statistics is defined as “the science of learning from data…” Therefore, you expect most learners to think data science as a re-brand name of statistics. Outside academia, data science has not escaped ridicule of internet humorists. One humorist is quoted on twitter “A data scientist is a statistician who lives in San Francisco” …….Big Data Borat, another twitter humorist is quoted “data science is statistics on a Mac”. Other pundits in their own wisdom to distinguish statistics from data science opine that a data scientist is a statistician who is better in programming than any software engineering and a software engineering who is better in statistics than any statistician. Though, the statement may look like a joke, it has element of truth.

Data science is it any Different from Classical Statistics?

What differentiates statistics from data science is fairly complicated, with deep roots in computing. During pre-computer eras, statistics played a key role in testing empirical experiments of small samples. The advent of super computers and personal computers heralded the birth of big data and large databases. The humongous amounts of data could not be manipulated and analysed using conventional statistical methods. Thus need for methods that are fast, accurate and efficient in dealing with large data and databases. Data science, therefore, is a response to new computing power. According to Peter Naur in his referred publication “Concise Survey of Computer Methods” data science is not a discipline concerned with analyzing data like classical statistics. It is wholesome manipulation and management of data. These include cleaning, processing, storing, manipulating and analysis of data.

As the world grew in complexity and computing power increased, there was need to develop sophisticated tools to deal with vast data sets. Researchers were increasingly using data sets, which required advanced manipulation techniques. Early inventors of data science borrowed heavily from machine learning and database management to create tools for manipulating these vast datasets. Consequently, it was now easier to predict on erratic markets, consumer behavior and analyze clinical trials.

Statistics, as a standalone field, has not dramatically changed in response to increased computing power. The field continues to rely on introductory statics, probability theory, hypothesis testing and computing. This has not augured well with some statisticians who feel that the field should align to changing world. William Cleveland, a renowned statistician, in 2001 advocated for the renaming of statistics to data science. The new field, according to him, would place greater emphasis on computing and real data analysis. Nate Silver, on the other hand, argues that data science is no different from statistics. The well known statistician who is famous for correctly predicting the 2012 US Presidential election believes that data science is a “sexed up term for a statistician”. Nate strongly argues that data science is a fad that is just patronizing, and that data science is a replica of what statisticians have been doing over the years. To him it is a buzzword whose time has come and it will wilt down. While it is true that no proper definition has been postulated to prop definition of data science, it is difficult to refute that data science has redefined the way we deal with data.

Nathan Yau a statistician and data visualizer states that data scientists unlike statisticians have three major skill sets.
Statistics and machine learning
Visualization
Programming skills